La ideología y el simbolismo de los excéntricos mayas de sílex y obsidiana de Xunantunich y cuevas en el centro de Belice: Contextos, cronología, materiales, producción y significado
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2218/jls.7299Palabras clave:
eccentrics; chert; obsidian; Maya; caches; cavesResumen
Los excéntricos están asociados con conceptos de importancia fundamental en la cosmología y religión de los antiguos mayas. Como lo indica su nombre, los excéntricos son artefactos de función especial, no utilitarios, de forma irregular. Tallados de sílex y de obsidiana, los excéntricos varían en tamaño, toman muchas formas y se pueden hacer de manera expediente o magistralmente. En este estudio, nos enfocamos en excéntricos del centro de Belice, específicamente en los de la Cancha 2 del juego de pelota en Xunantunich, así como en ejemplos de cuevas del valle de Roaring Creek, incluidos Actun Chapat, Actun Tunichil Mucnal, Actun Uayazba Kab, Actun Yaxteel Ahau, Je’reftheel y Midnight Terror. Para entender los usos de los excéntricos en el mundo maya antiguo, examinamos los excéntricos en términos de sus contextos arqueológicos (p. ej., en escondites, entierros, o cuevas), fechamientos, tipos y procedencia de materia prima lítica, técnicas de producción y significados. Esta información se utiliza para reconstruir el papel de los excéntricos en la comprensión del mundo animado de los mayas, así como la encarnación de la mitología y cosmología de los mayas en estos objetos ceremoniales. Se examina el simbolismo que impregna estos objetos en relación con la numerología y las correspondencias entre la iconografía y la epigrafía maya. Estos análisis demuestran que los excéntricos desempeñan un papel importante en la representación de la mitología y la cosmología de los mayas antiguos y encarnan conceptos de importancia crítica para el éxito y la supervivencia de los mayas en un mundo natural enredado en lo sobrenatural. Como tal, también servían como objetos inalienables hechos de piedra proporcionada por lo sobrenatural que se ofrecían como ofrendas a las entidades sobrenaturales en tiempos de necesidad o crisis. Los excéntricos encarnan y reflejan las ideas de la realeza, el sacrificio, los fenómenos naturales (específicamente la lluvia y las tormentas), los cuerpos astrales (como el sol, la luna y los eclipses), el maíz, y los moradores zoomorfos del inframundo maya (incluidos los ciempiés, las serpientes y los escorpiones), así como representaciones de deidades, incluyendo K’inich Ajaw, el dios de sol, Chaahk, la deidad de lluvia, y, en particular, K’awiil, la encarnación del relámpago. Además, las formas geomórficas, los colores, y el número de excéntricas son simbólicamente importantes por los mayas. Por ejemplo, el color negro se relaciona simbólicamente con la oscuridad, la noche, el punto cardinal hacia el oeste, mientras que el color verde se asocia con el lugar central de los cosmogramas mayas, así como la fertilidad, la agricultura, el maíz, y el árbol del mundo, que se conecta los tres niveles del universo maya. Las excéntricas, particularmente en conjuntos de cero, siete, nueve y trece, representan a deidades patronales, ubicaciones y aberturas en el entendimiento cosmológica maya del universo estructural. Esto se demuestra por el hecho de que el cero estaba conectado con el inframundo, el siete estaba ligado a los colores direccionales ik’ ‘negro’ y k’an ‘amarillo’, el inframundo se percibía como dividido en nueve áreas o regiones, y el reino celestial estaba dividido en trece. Significativamente, los excéntricos de Xunantunich y de las cuevas del centro de Belice son consistentes con el uso de esta clase de artefactos en un sistema de creencias pan-maya.
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