Exploring the production of lithic instruments at Mahal Teglinos (Eastern Sudan): An experimental approach for the characterisation of residues, macro and micro traces derived from the knapping on anvil technique of quartz, quartzite and chert pebbles and cobbles
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2218/jls.7320Abstract
Despite the existence of intense research focused on the characterisation of macro traces derived from the use of the knapping on anvil technique, little attention has been dedicated to the detection of micro technical traces and residues on blanks and cores produced by means of this knapping technique. Macro technical traces derived from the knapping on anvil technique were detected on stone artefacts from the Gash Group’s lithic assemblage (middle III - early II millennium BCE) at Mahal Teglinos (K1), located in the modern region of Kassala in Eastern Sudan. An experimental programme, was developed to localise macro and micro manufacturing traces and residues from this knapping technique, using pebbles and small cobbles of quartz, quartzite and chert to create a reference collection for the interpretation of archaeological material. The methodology, adopted for this study, involved the combined use of several microscopes for traceological and residue analyses. Stereo and 3D digital microscopes have been utilised to characterise macro technical traces and locate possible residues. The elemental chemical composition of the residues has been characterised trough scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using energy dispersive X-ray (EDS) and element maps. The association of macro and micro traces (evidence of polishing and striations) identified on the experimental materials enabled the comparison and detection of similar technical traces on some archaeological material, as there are cases in which similar macro traces may result from direct percussion knapping. Our experiment demonstrated that macro traces are present on nearly all stone artefact replicas, while residues develop more easily on stone artefacts with specific characteristics of the butt and counter-butt of flakes and striking and resting platform of cores. Micro-technical traces confirm that blanks and cores were produced using the knapping on anvil technique when macro traces characteristics of this knapping technique are present on stone artefacts within a lithic assemblage, while residues indicate the lithology of the used hammerstone and anvil.
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