Objectifying processes: The use of geometric morphometrics and multivariate analyses on Acheulean tools
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2218/jls.4327Abstract
Nowadays, the fruitful discussion regarding the morphological variability of handaxes during the Middle Pleistocene has reached a decisive moment with the use of more accurate statistical methods, such as geometric morphometrics (GM) and multivariate analyses (MA). This paper presents a preliminary methodological approach for checking the utility of these new approaches on the analysis of the tools’ shape. It goes beyond the simple description of morphology and isolates the variables which define the final morphology of a tool. We compared two Middle Pleistocene sites, Boxgrove and Swanscombe, which are morphologically very different. Then, we applied the GM analysis on 1) 2D images, with two semi-landmark distributions: 28 semi-landmarks, specially concentrated on the tip and butt, and 60 equally spaced points; and 2) on 3D models using new software (AGMT3-D Software) including 5000 semi-landmarks. The more points used to define the tool’s outline, the more accurate will be the interpretation of the variables affecting shape. On the other hand, if the semi-landmarks are localized on specific sectors of the tool, a bias is created, by concentrating on those sectors, rather than the general tool shape. The 3D models offer a new dimension on the shape analysis, as their results mean the combination of plan-shape, profile-shape and the tool’s topography.
References
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Lycett, S.J., von Cramon-Taubadel, N. & Foley, R.A. 2006, A crossbeam co-ordinate caliper for the morphometric analysis of lithic nuclei: a description, test and empirical examples of application. Journal of Archaeological Science, 33(6):847-861. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2005.10.014
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Barnes, R.S.K. 1980, Coastal Lagoons. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 120 p.
Binford, L.R. 1985, Human Ancestors: changing views of their behaviour. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 4(4): 292-327. doi:10.1016/0278-4165(85)90009-1
Boëda, E., Geneste, J.-M. & Meignen, L. 1990, Identification de chaînes opératoires lithiques du Paléolithique ancien et moyen. Paléo, Revue d’Archéologie Préhistorique, 2(1): 43-80. (in French) (“Identification of lithic chaînes opératoires of the Old and Middle Palaeolithic”) doi:10.3406/pal.1990.988
Bookstein, F.L. 1997, Landmark methods for forms without landmarks: morphometrics of group differences in outline shape. Medical Image Analysis, 1(3): 225-243.
Bordes, F. 1961, Typologie du Paléolithique Ancien et Moyen. CNRS Editions, Paris, 216 p. (in French) (“Old and Middle Palaeolithic typology”)
Bretzke, K. & Conard, N.J. 2012, Evaluating morphological variability in lithic assemblages using 3D models of stone artifacts. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39(12): 3741-3749. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2012.06.039
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Carbonell, E., Mosquera, M., Ollé, A., Rodríguez, X.P., Sala, R., Vaquero, M. & Vergés, J.M. 1992, New elements of the logical analitic system. Cahier Noir, 6, 61 p.
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Conway, B., McNabb, J. & Ashton, N. 1996, Excavations at Barnfield Pit, Swanscombe, 1968-72. British Museum Press, London, 265 p.
Costa, A.G. 2010, A Geometric Morphometric assessment of Plan shape in bone and stone Acheulean bifaces from the Middle Pleistocene site of Castel di Guido, Latium, Italy. In: New Perspectives on Old Stones: Analytical Approaches to Paleolithic Technologies (Lycett, S.L. & Chauhan, P.R.E., Eds), Springer, New York: p. 23-41. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6861-6_2
Dryden I.L. & Mardia K.V. 1998, Statistical shape analysis. Wiley, Chichester, 347 p.
Eren, M.I. & Lycett, S.J. 2012, Why Levallois? A morphometric comparison of experimental ‘preferential’ Levallois flakes versus debitage flakes. PLoS One, 7(1): e29273. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029273
García-Medrano, P., A. Ollé, N. Ashton & Roberts M.B. 2019, The Mental Template in Handaxe Manufacture: New Insights into Acheulean Lithic Technological Behavior at Boxgrove, Sussex, UK. Journal of Archeological Method and Theory, 26(1): 396-422. doi:10.1007/s10816-018-9376-0
Gibbard, P. 1985, The Pleistocene History of the Middle Thames Valley. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 168 p.
Grosman, L., Smikt, O. & Smilansky, U. 2008, On the application of 3-D scanning technology for the documentation and typology of lithic artifacts. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35(12): 3101-3110. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2008.06.011
Hammer, Ø. & Harper, D.A.T. 2006, Paleontological Data Analysis. Malden. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, 368 p.
Hammer, Ø., Harper, D.A. & Ryan, P.D. 2001, PAST: Paleontological statistics package for education and data analysis. Paleontologia Electronica, 4(1): 4-9. URL: http://palaeo-electronica.org/2001_1/past/issue1_01.htm
Herzlinger, G. & Grosman, L. 2018, AGMT3-D: A software for 3-D landmarks-based geometric morphometric shape analysis of archaeological artifacts. PLoS ONE, 13(11): e0207890. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207890
Hillson, S.W., Parfitt, S.A., Bello, S.M., Roberts, M.B. & Stringer, C.B. 2010, Two hominin incisor teeth from the middle Pleistocene site of Boxgrove, Sussex, England. Journal of Human Evolution, 59(5): 493-503. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.06.004
Lewis, S.G., Roberts, C.L. 1999, Location of buried cliff-line using resistivity methods. In: Boxgrove: a Middle Pleistocene Hominid Site at Eartham Quarry, Boxgrove, West Sussex (Roberts, M.B. & Parfitt, S., Eds.), English Heritage, London: p. 37-41.
Lycett, S.J. 2009, Quantifying transitions: Morphometric approaches to Palaeolithic variability and technological change. In: Sourcebook of Paleolithic Transitions: Methods, Theories, and Interpretations (Camps, M. & Chauhan, P., Eds.), Springer, New York: p. 79-92. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-76487-0_5
Lycett, S.J. & Chauhan, P.R. 2010, Analytical approaches to Palaeolithic technologies: An introduction. In: New Perspectives on Old Stones: Analytical Approaches to Paleolithic Technologies (Lycett, S.J., Chauhan, P.R., Eds.), Springer, New York: p. 1-22. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6861-6_1
Lycett, S.L. & von Cramon-Taubadel, N. 2013, A 3D morphometric analysis of surface geometry in Levallois cores: patterns of stability and variability across regions and their implications. Journal of Archaeological Science, 40(3): 1508-1517. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2012.11.005
Lycett, S.J., von Cramon-Taubadel, N. & Foley, R.A. 2006, A crossbeam co-ordinate caliper for the morphometric analysis of lithic nuclei: a description, test and empirical examples of application. Journal of Archaeological Science, 33(6):847-861. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2005.10.014
McNabb, J. 2007, The British Lower Palaeolithic: Stones in Contention. Routledge, London, 448 p.
McNabb, J., Cole, J. & Hoggard, C.S. 2018, From side to side: Symmetry in handaxes in the British Lower and Middle Palaeolithic. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 17: 293-310. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.11.008
Moncel, M. H., Ashton, N., Lamotte, A., Tuffreau, A., Cliquet, D., & Despriée, J. 2015, North-west Europe early Acheulian. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 40: 302-331. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2015.09.005
Newcomer, M.H. 1971, Some quantitative experiments in handaxe manufacture. World Archaeology, 3(1): 85-104. doi:10.1080/00438243.1971.9979493
Okumura, M. & Araujo, A.G.M. 2019. Archaeology, biology and borrowing. A critical examination of GM in Archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Science, 101: 149-158. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2017.09.015
Overy, C.D. (Ed.) 1964, The Swanscombe Skull: a Survey of Research on a Pleistocene Site. Royal Anthropological Institute. Occasional Paper No. 20. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 32: 367-368. doi:10.1017/S0079497X00014602
Parfitt, S. 1999a, Mammalia. In: Boxgrove: a Middle Pleistocene Hominid Site at Eartham Quarry, Boxgrove, West Sussex (Roberts, M.B. & Parfitt, S., Eds.), English Heritage, London: p. 197-290.
Parfitt, S. 1999b, Palaeontology. In: Boxgrove: a Middle Pleistocene Hominid Site at Eartham Quarry, Boxgrove, West Sussex (Roberts, M.B. & Parfitt, S., Eds.), English Heritage, London: p. 157-196.
Parfitt, S.A., Ashton, N.M., Lewis, S.G., Abel, R.L., Coope, G.R., Field, M.H., Gale, R., Hoare, P.G., Larkin, N.R., Lewis, M.D., Karloukovski, V., Maher, B.A., Peglar, S.M., Preece, R.C., Whittaker, J.E., Stringer, C.B. 2010, Early Pleistocene human occupation at the edge of the boreal zone in northwest Europe. Nature, 466: 229-233. doi:10.1038/nature09117
Parfitt, S.A., Barendregt, R.W., Breda, M., Candy, I., Collins, M.J., Coope, G.R., Durbidge, P., Field, M.H., Lee, J.R., Lister, A.M., Mutch, R., Penkman, K.E.H., Preece, R.C., Rose, J., Stringer, C.B., Symmons, R., Whittaker, J.E., Wymer, J.J. & Stuart, A.J. 2005, The earliest record of human activity in northern Europe. Nature, 438: 1008-1012. doi:10.1038/nature04227
Pope, M. 2002. The Significance of Biface-rich Assemblages: an Examination of the Behavioural Controls on Lithic Assemblage Formation in the Lower Palaeolithic. Doctoral Thesis at the Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton, UK, 350 p.
Pope, M. & Roberts, M.B. 2005, Observations on the relationship between Palaeolithic individuals and artefact scatters at the Middle Pleistocene site of Boxgrove, UK. In: The Hominid Individual in Context: Archaeological Investigations of Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Landscapes, Locales and Artefacts (Gamble, C. & Porr, M., Eds.), Routledge, London, 456 p.
Preece, R.C. (Ed.) 1995, Island Britain: a Quaternary Perspective. The Geological Society Special Publication Vol. 96, University of Cambridge, UK, 280 p.
Roberts, M.B. & Parfitt, S. (Eds) 1999a, Boxgrove: a Middle Pleistocene Hominid Site at Eartham Quarry, Boxgrove, West Sussex. English Heritage, London, 463 p.
Roberts, M.B. & Parfitt, S. 1999b, Human modification of faunal remains. In: Boxgrove: a Middle Pleistocene Hominid Site at Eartham Quarry, Boxgrove, West Sussex (Roberts, M.B. & Parfitt, S., Eds.), English Heritage, London: p. 395-414.
Roberts, M.B., Parfitt, S.A., Pope, M. & Wenban-Smith, F.F. 1997, Boxgrove, West Sussex: rescue excavations of a Lower Palaeolithic landsurface (Boxgrove Project B 1989-91). Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 63: 303-358. doi:10.1017/S0079497X00002474
Roberts, M., & Pope, M. 2018, The Boxgrove wider area project. Mapping the early Middle Pleistocene deposits of the Slindon Formation across the Coastal Plain of West Sussex and eastern Hampshire. Spoilheap monograph 15, Lavenham Press, Suffolk, 193 p.
Roe, D. 1968, British lower and middle Palaeolithic handaxe groups. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 34: 1-82. doi:10.1017/S0079497X00013840
Rohlf, F.J. 2009, TpsDig2 (version 2.0). Department of Ecology and Evolution. State University of New York at Stony Brook. http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/morph/morphmet/tpsdig2w32.exe
Rovner, I. 1995, Complex measurements made easy: Morphometric analysis of artefacts using Expert Vision Systems. In: Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology 1993 (Wilcock, J. & Lockyear, K., Eds.), British Archaeological Reports, Oxford: p. 31-37.
Schreve, D.C. 1996, The mammalian fauna from the Waechter excavations, Barnfield Pit Swanscombe. In: Excavations at Barnfield Pit Swanscombe, 1968-72 (Conway, B., Ashton, N. & McNabb, J., Eds.), British Museum Occasional Paper Vol. 94, London: p.149-162.
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15-Mar-2020
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Objectifying processes: The use of geometric morphometrics and multivariate analyses on Acheulean tools. (2020). Journal of Lithic Studies, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.2218/jls.4327
