From near and far: Stone procurement and exchange at Çukuriçi Höyük in Western Anatolia

  • Christoph Schwall Austrian Academy of Sciences
  • Michael Brandl Austrian Academy of Sciences
  • Tatjana M. Gluhak independent researcher
  • Bogdana Milić Austrian Academy of Sciences
  • Lisa Betina University of Copenhagen
  • Lasse Sørensen National Museum of Denmark
  • Danilo Wolf Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
  • Maria M. Martinez University of Texas at Austin
  • Barbara Horejs Austrian Academy of Sciences
Keywords: Çukuriçi Höyük, western Anatolia, prehistory, provenance analyses, procurement strategies, chert, volcanic rocks, jadeite

Abstract


The focus of this paper are the stone tools of Çukuriçi Höyük, a prehistoric site situated at the central Aegean coast of Anatolia. The settlement was inhabited from the Neolithic, through the Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age 1 periods, a period lasting from the early 7th to the early 3rd millennium BCE. A long-term interdisciplinary study of the excavated lithics with different scientific methods on various stone materials (thin section analysis, pXRF, NAA, LA-ICP-MS) offer new primary data about the procurement strategies of prehistoric societies from a diachronic perspective. The results will be presented for the first time with an overview of all source materials and their distinct use through time.

The lithic assemblages from Çukuriçi Höyük consist of a considerable variety of small finds, grinding stones and chipped stone tools. The high variability of raw materials within the different categories of tools is remarkable. In addition to stone tools manufactured from sources in the immediate vicinity of the settlement (i.e., mica-schist, limestone, marble, amphibolite, serpentinite), others are of rock types such as chert, which indicate an origin within the broader region. Moreover, volcanic rocks, notably the exceptionally high amount of Melian obsidian found at Çukuriçi Höyük, attest to the supra-regional procurement of distinct rock types. Small stone axes made of jadeite presumably from the Greek island of Syros, also indicate these far-reaching procurement strategies.

The systematic and diachronic analyses of the stone tools found at Çukuriçi Höyük has demonstrated that as early as the Neolithic period extensive efforts were made to supply the settlement with carefully selected raw materials or finished goods procured from distinct rock sources.

 

Erratum:
• This article was submitted and initially published with only the following authors listed: Christoph Schwall, Michael Brandl, Tatjana M. Gluhak, Bogdana Milić, Lisa Betina, Lasse Sørensen, Danilo Wolf, and Barbara Horejs. After publication of the article, the authors observed that they had forgotten to include Maria M. Martinez as an author and requested that she be added to the list of authors. The current version of the article includes Maria M. Martinez. She should be considered an author also for earlier versions of the article that might be in circulation.

 

Author Biographies

Christoph Schwall, Austrian Academy of Sciences

Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology (OREA)
Austrian Academy of Sciences (AAS)
Hollandstrasse 11-13
1020 Vienna
Austria

Michael Brandl, Austrian Academy of Sciences

Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology (OREA)
Austrian Academy of Sciences (AAS)
Hollandstrasse 11–13
1020 Vienna
Austria

Bogdana Milić, Austrian Academy of Sciences

Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology (OREA)
Austrian Academy of Sciences (AAS)
Hollandstrasse 11–13
1020 Vienna
Austria

Lisa Betina, University of Copenhagen

The Saxo Institute
University of Copenhagen
Karen Blixens Plads 8
2300 Copenhagen S
Denmark

Lasse Sørensen, National Museum of Denmark

National Museum of Denmark
Ancient Cultures of Denmark and the Mediterranean
12 Frederiksholms Kanal
1220 Copenhagen K
Denmark

Danilo Wolf, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg

Institute for Geosciences and Geography
Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
Von-Seckendorff-Platz 3
06120 Halle/Saale
Germany

Maria M. Martinez, University of Texas at Austin

University of Texas at Austin
Department of Anthropology
2201 Speedway Stop C3200
Austin, TX 78712
U.S.A.

Barbara Horejs, Austrian Academy of Sciences

Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology (OREA)
Austrian Academy of Sciences (AAS)
Hollandstrasse 11–13
1020 Vienna
Austria

References

Akay, E., & Erdoğan, B. 2004, Evolution of neogene calc-alkaline to alkaline volcanism in the Aliağa-Foça region (Western Anatolia, Turkey). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 24: 367-387. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2004.01.015
Aldanmaz, E., Pearce, J.A., Thirlwall, M.F., & Mitchell, J.G. 2000, Petrogenetic evolution of late Cenozoic, post-collision volcanism in western Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 102: 67-95. doi:10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00182-7
Bergner, M., Horejs, B., & Pernicka, E. 2009, Zur Herkunft der Obsidianartefakte vom Çukuriçi Höyük. Studia Troica, 18: 251-273. (in German) (“About the provenance of obsidian artefacts from Çukuriçi Höyük”)
Besenecker, H., & Pichler, H. 1974, Die jungen Vulkanite der Insel Chios (östliche Ägäis, Griechenland). Geologisches Jahrbuch, D9: 41-65. (in German) (“The young volcanic rocks of the island Chios (eastern Aegean, Greece)”)
Borsi, J., Ferrara, G., Innocenti, F., & Mazzuoli, R. 1972, Geochronology and petrology of recent volcanics in the eastern Aegean Sea (West Anatolia and Lesbos Island). Bulletin Volcanologique, 36(3): 473-496. doi:10.1007/BF02597122
Bozkurt, E., Winchester, J.A., Ruffet, G., & Rojay, B. 2008, Age and chemistry of Miocene volcanic. Rocks from the Kiraz basin of the Küçük Menderes graben: Its significance for the extensional tectonics of southwestern Anatolia, Turkey. Geodinamica Acta, 21(5-6): 239-257. doi:10.3166/ga.21.239-257
Brandl, M., Hauzenberger, Ch., Postl, W., Model, D., Kurta, Ch. & Trnka, G. 2011, Repolust Cave (Austria) revisited: Provenance studies of the chert finds. Quartär, 58: 51-65.
Brandl, M. 2016, The Multi Layered Chert Sourcing Approach (MLA). Analytical provenance studies of silicite raw materials. Archeometriai Műhely 13(3): 145-156.
Broodbank, C. 2006, The Origins and Early Development of Mediterranean Maritime Activity. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 19(2): 199-230. doi:10.1558//jmea.2006.v19i2.199
Çakmakoğlu, A. 2007, Pre-Neogene tectonostratigraphy of Dılek peninsula and the area surrounding Söke and Selçuk. Mineral Research and Exploration Bulletin, 135: 1-17.
Ercan, T., Akat, U., Günay, E., & Savaşçın,Y. 1986, Söke-Selçuk-Kuşadası dolaylarının jeolojisi ve volkanik kayaçların petrokimyasal özellikleri. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi, 105-106: 15-38. (in Turkish) (“The geology of Söke-Selçuk-Kuşadası and petrochemical properties of volcanic rocks”)
Ercan, T., Satır, M., Kreuzer, H., Türkecan, A., Günay, E., Çevikbaş, A., Ateş, M., & Can, B. 1985, Interpretation of new chemical, isotopic and radiometric data on Cenozoic volcanics of western Anatolia. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Turkey, 28: 121-136.
Ersoy, Y.E., Helvacı, C., Uysal, İ., Karaoğlu, Ö., Palmer, M.R., & Dindi, F. 2012, Petrogenesis of the Miocene volcanism along the İzmir-Balıkesir transfer zone in western Anatolia, Turkey: Implications for origin and evolution of potassic volcanism in post-collisional areas. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 241-242: 21-38. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.05.022
Evren, A. 1999, Efes Çukuriçi Höyüğü 1996 Yılı Kazısı. Arkeoloji ve Sanat, 92: 22-32. (in Turkish) (“Ephesos Çukuriçi Höyük excavations in 1996”)
Evren, A., & İçten, C. 1998, Efes Çukuriçi ve Arvalya (Gül hanım) Höyükleri. Müze Kurtarama Kazıları Semineri, 7: 111-133. (in Turkish) (“Ephesos Çukuriçi and Arvalya (Gül hanım) mounds”)
Fytikas, M., Innocenti, F., Kolios, N., Manetti, P., Mazzuoli, R., Poli, G., Rita, F., & Villari, L. 1986, Volcanology and petrology of volcanic products from the island of Milos and neighbouring islets. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 28(3-4): 297-317. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(86)90028-4
Helvacı, C., Ersoy, E.Y., Sözbilir, H., Erkül, F., Sümer, Ö., & Uzel, B. 2009, Geochemistry and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of Miocene volcanic rocks from the Karaburun peninsula: Implications for amphibole‐bearing lithospheric mantle source, Western Anatolia. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 185(3): 181-202. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.05.016
Horejs, B. 2016, Aspects of Connectivity on the Centre of the Anatolian Aegean Coast in 7th Millennium BC. In: Of Odysseys and oddities. Scales and modes of interaction between prehistoric Aegean societies and their neighbours, (Molly, B.P.C., Ed.). Oxbow Books, Oxford: p. 143-167. doi:10.2307/j.ctvh1dgq5.10
Horejs, B. 2017, Çukuriçi Höyük 1. Anatolia and the Aegean from the 7th to the 3rd millennium BC, Oriental and European Archaeology 5. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, Vienna, 137 p. URL: http://austriaca.at/8106-4inhalt?frames=yes
Horejs, B., & Mehofer, M. 2015, Early Bronze Age metal workshops at Çukuriçi Höyük. Production of arsenical copper at the beginning of the 3rd mill. BC. In: Archaeometallurgy in Europe III, Proceedings of the 3rd international conference, Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum, 29th June-1st July 2011 (Hauptmann, A., & Modarressi-Tehrani, D., Eds.), Der Anschnitt Beiheft 26 = Veröffentlichungen aus dem Deutschen Bergbau-Museum Bochum 202, Deutschen Bergbau-Museum Bochum Press, Bochum: p. 165-176.
Horejs, B., Milić, B., Ostmann, F., Thanheiser, U., Weninger, B., & Galik, A. 2015, The Aegean in the early 7th millennium BC: Maritime networks and colonization. Journal of World Prehistory, 28(4): 289-330. doi:10.1007/s10963-015-9090-8
Innocenti. F., Manetti, P., Peccerillo, G., & Poli, G. 1981, South Aegean volcanic arc: geochemical variations and geotectonic implications. Bulletin Volcanologique, 44(3): 377-391. doi:10.1007/BF02600571
Innocenti, F., & Mazzuoli, R. 1972, Petrology of the Izmir-Karaburun volcanic area (West Turkey). Bulletin Volcanologique, 36(1): 83-104. doi:10.1007/BF02596983
Innocenti, F., Agostini, S., Di Vincenzo, G., Doglioni, C., Manetti, P., Savaşçın, M.Y., & Tonarini, S. 2005, Neogene and Quaternary volcanism in Western Anatolia: Magma sources and geodynamic evolution. Marine Geology, 221(1-4):397-421. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2005.03.016
Innocenti, F., Agostini, S., Tokçaer, M., & Savaşçın, M.Y. 2010, Volcanic Rocks from Foça-Karaburun and Ayvalık-Lesvos grabens (western Anatolia) and their petrogenic-geodynamic significance. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 19(2): 157-184. doi:10.3906/yer-0905-11
Kandel, A.W., Bolus, M., Bretzke, K., Bruch, A.A., Haidle, M.N., Hertler, Ch., & Märker, M. 2016, Increasing behavioral flexibility? An integrative macro-scale approach to understanding the iddle Stone Age of southern Africa. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 23(2): 623-668. doi:10.1007/s10816-015-9254-y
Karacık, Z., Genç, Ş.C., Gülmez, F. 2013, Petrochemical features of Miocene volcanism around the Çubukludağ graben and Karaburun peninsula, western Turkey: Implications for crustal melting related silicic volcanism. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 73: 199-217. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.04.001
Knitter, D. 2013, Central places and the environment. Investigations of an interdependent relationship. Ph.D. thesis at the Department of Earth Science, Free University of Berlin, 128 p. URL: https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/6987
Knitter, D., Bergner, M., Horejs, B., Schütt, B., & Meyer, M. 2012, Concepts of centrality and models of exchange in prehistoric western Anatolia. In: Landscape archaeology. Proceedings of the international conference held in Berlin, 6th-8th June 2012, (Bebermeier, W., Hebenstreit, R., Kaiser, E., & Krause, J., Eds.), eTopoi. Journal for Ancient Studies, Special Volume 3. Exzellenzcluster 264 Topoi, Berlin: p. 361-368.
Kurt, H., & Arslan, M. 2001, Geochemical and petrological characteristics of the Bodrum (SW Anatolia) volcanic rocks: evidence for fractional crystallization, magma mixing and assimilation. Yerbilimleri. Bulletin of Earth Sciences Application and Research Centre of Hacettepe University, 23: 15-32.
Le Bas, M. J., Le Maitre, R.W., Streckeisen, A., & Zanettin, B. 1986, A chemical classification of volcanic rocks based on the total alkali-silica diagram. Journal of Petrology, 27(3): 745-750. doi:10.1093/petrology/27.3.745
Mehofer, M. 2014, Metallurgy during the Chalcolithic and the beginning of the Early Bronze Age in Western Anatolia. In: Western Anatolia before Troy. Proto-urbanisation in 4th millennium BC? Symposion proceedings of the international symposium held at the Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna, Austria, 21th-24th November 2012 (Horejs, B. & Mehofer, M., Eds), Oriental and European Archaeology 1. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, Vienna, p. 463-489.
Milić, M. 2014, PXRF characterisation of obsidian from central Anatolia, the Aegean and central Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science, 41: 285-296. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2013.08.002
Milić, B. 2018, Lithics and Neolithisation - Çukuriçi Höyük in Anatolia and the Aegean, PhD thesis at the Institute for Pre- and Protohistory and Medieval Archaeology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, 885 p.
Milić, B., & Horejs, B. 2017, The onset of pressure blade making in western Anatolia in the 7th millennium BC: A case study from Neolithic Çukuriçi Höyük. In: Çukuriçi Höyük 1. Anatolia and the Aegean from the 7th to the 3rd millennium BC (Horejs, B.), Oriental and European Archaeology 5. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, Vienna: 27-52.
Mitropoulos, P., & Magganas, A. 1988, Interisland variations of the oxygen fugasity (fO2) implied from Fe-Ti mineral oxides chemistry in the Aegean volcanic Arc. Annales géologiques des pays helléniques, 33:147-149.
Mitropoulos, P., Tarney, J., Saunders, A.D., & Marsh, N.G. 1987, Petrogenesis of Cenezoic volcanic rocks from the Aegean island arc. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 32(1-3): 177-193. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(87)90043-6
Mitropoulos, P., Katerinopoulos, A., & Kokkinakis, A. 1999, Occurrence of primary almandine- spessartine-rich garnet and zinnwaldite phenocrysts in a Neogene rhyolite on the island of Chios, Aegean Sea, Greece. Mineralogical Magazine, 63(4): 503-510. doi:10.1180/002646199548673
Moreau, L., Brandl, M., Filzmoser, P., Hauzenberger, C., Goemaere, E., Jadin, I., Collet, H., Hauzeur, A., & Schmitz, R.W. 2016, Geochemical sourcing of flint artifacts from western Belgium and the German Rhineland: Testing hypotheses on Gravettian period mobility and raw material economy. Geoarchaeology, 31(3): 229-243. doi:10.1002/gea.21564
Okay, A.I. 2002, Jadeite-chloritoid-glaucophane-lawsonite blueschists in north-west Turkey: unusually high P/T ratios in continental crust. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 20(8): 757-768. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1314.2002.00402.x
Paraskevopoulos, G.M. 1956, Über den Chemismis und die provinzialen Verhältnisse der tertiären und quatären Ergußgesteine des ägäischen Raumes und der benachbarten Gebiete. Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 6(1-2): 13-72. (in German) (“About the chemism and the provincial conditions of the tertiary and quaternary effusion rocks of the Aegean area and the neighboring areas”)
Peloschek, L. 2017, Social dynamics and the development of new pottery signatures at Çukuriçi Höyük, 7th to 3rd millennium BC. In: Çukuriçi Höyük 1. Anatolia and the Aegean from the 7th to the 3rd millennium BC (Horejs, B.), Oriental and European Archaeology 5. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, Vienna: p. 125-137.
Pe-Piper, G., & Moulton, B. 2008, Magma evolution in the Pliocene Pleistocene succession of Kos, South Aegean arc (Greece). Lithos, 106(1-2):110-124. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2008.07.002
Pe-Piper, G., & Piper, D.J.W. 1989, Spatial and temporal variation in Late Cenozoic back-arc volcanic rocks, Aegean Sea region. Tectonophysics 169(1-3): 113-134. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(89)90186-8
Pe-Piper, G., Piper, D.J.W., Kotopouli, C.N., & Panagos, A.G. 1994, Neogene volcanoes of Chios, Greece: The relative importance of subduction and back-arc extension. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 81(1): 213-231. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1994.081.01.12
Pe-Piper, G., Piper, D.J.W. 2002, The igneous rocks of Greece. The anatomy of an orogen, Beiträge zur regionalen Geologie der Erde 30. Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin, 573 p.
Pe-Piper, G., Piper, D.J.W. 2007, Late Miocene igneous rocks of Samos: the role of tectonism in petrogenesis in the southeastern Aegean. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 291(1):75-97. doi:10.1144/SP291.4
Pernicka, E. 1992, Herkunftsbestimmung späturukzeitlicher Obsidianfunde vom Hassek Höyük. In: Hassek Höyük - Naturwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen und lithische Industrie, (Behm-Blancke, M., Ed.), Istanbul Forschungen 38, Ernst Wasmuth Verlag, Tübingen, p. 124-131. (in German) (“Determining the origin of late Uruk obsidian finds from Hassek Höyük”)
Pétrequin, P., Cassen, S., Errera, M., Klassen, L., Sheridan, A., & Pétrequin, A.-M. 2012, JADE. Grandes haches alpines du Néolithique européen, Ve et IVe millénaires av J.-C., Cahiers de la MSHE Ledoux 17 = Série “Dynamiques territoriales” 6. Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté et du Centre de Recherche Archéologique de la Vallée de l‘Ain, Besançon, 1520 p. (in French) (“JADE. Large alpine axes from European Neolithic, 5th and 4th millennium BC”)
Pétrequin, P., & Pétrequin, A.-M. 2012, Chronologie et organisation de la production dans le massif du Mont Viso. In: JADE. Grandes haches alpines du Néolithique européen, Ve et IVe millénaires av J.-C. (Pétrequin, P., Cassen, S., Errera, M., Klassen, L., Sheridan, A., & Pétrequin, A.-M.), Cahiers de la MSHE Ledoux 17 = Série “Dynamiques territoriales” 6. Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté et du Centre de Recherche Archéologique de la Vallée de l‘Ain, Besançon: 214-256. (in French) (“Chronology and organisation of production in the Mont Viso massif”)
Pétrequin, P., Pétrequin, A-M., Errera, M., & Prĭchystal, A. 2017, Les jadéitites de Syros, Cyclades, Gréce. In: JADE. Objets-signes et interprétations sociales des jades alpins dans l’Europe Néolithique, (Pétrequin, P, Gauthier E., & Pétrequin, A,-M., Eds.), Cahiers de la MSHE Ledoux 27 = Série “Dynamiques territoriales” 10 = Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté 1379. Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté et du Centre de Recherche Archéologique de la Vallée de l‘Ain, Besançon: p. 25-46. (in French) (“The jadeitites of Syros, Cyclades, Greece”)
Robertson, A.H.F., & Pickett, E.A. 2000, Palaeozoic-Early tertiary tethyan evolution of Mélanges, rift and passive margin Uuits in the Karaburun peninsula (western Turkey) and Chios island (Greece). Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 173: 43-82. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.173.01.03
Schwall, Ch. 2018, Çukuriçi Höyük 2. Das 5. und 4. Jahrtausend. v. Chr. in Westanatolien und der Ostägäis, Oriental and European Archaeology 7. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, Vienna. (in German) (“Çukuriçi Höyük 2. The 5th and 4th millennium BC in western Anatolia and the eastern Aegean”) URL: https://austriaca.at/8207-8inhalt?frames=yes
Sørensen, L., Pétrequin, P., Pétrequin, A.-M., Errera, M., Horejs, B., & Herbaut, F. 2017a, Les limites sud-orientales des jades alpins (Grèce et Turquie). In: JADE. Objets-signes et interprétations sociales des jades alpins dans l’Europe Néolithique, (Pétrequin, P, Gauthier E., & Pétrequin, A,-M., Eds.), Cahiers de la MSHE Ledoux 27 = Série “Dynamiques territoriales” 10 = Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté 1379. Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté et du Centre de Recherche Archéologique de la Vallée de l‘Ain, Besançon: p. 491-520.
Sørensen, L., Pétrequin, P., Pétrequin, A.-M., Errera, M., Horejs, B., & Herbaut, F. 2017b, Annexe 19. Description typologique des haches en jades alpins de Grèce et de Turquie. In: JADE. Objets-signes et interprétations sociales des jades alpins dans l’Europe Néolithique, (Pétrequin, P, Gauthier E., & Pétrequin, A,-M., Eds.), Cahiers de la MSHE Ledoux 27 = Série “Dynamiques territoriales” 10 = Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté 1379. Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté et du Centre de Recherche Archéologique de la Vallée de l‘Ain, Besançon: p. 1370-1379. (in French) (“Annex 19. Typological description of axes in alpine jades from Greece and Turkey”)
Speakman, R.J., Glascock, M.D., Tykot, R.H., Descantes, C.H., Thatcher, J.J., & Skinner, C.E. 2007, Selected applications of laser ablation ICP-MS to archaeological research. In: Archaeological Chemistry: Analytical Methods and Archaeological Interpretation, (Glascock, M.D., Speakman, R.J., & Popelka-Filcoff, R.S., Eds.), ACS Symposium Series 968. Oxford University Press, Oxford: p. 275-296. doi:10.1021/bk-2007-0968.ch015
Stock, F., Pint, A., Horejs, B., Ladstätter, S., & Brückner, H. 2013, In search of the harbours: New evidence of Late Roman and Byzantine harbours of Ephesus. Quaternary International, 312: 57-69. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.03.002
Stock, F., Ehlers, L., Horejs, B., Knipping, M., Ladstätter, S., Seren, S., & Brückner, H. 2015, Neolithic settlement sites in Western Turkey - palaeogeographic studies at Çukuriçi Höyük and Arvalya Höyük. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 4: 565-577. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.10.009
Vetters, W. 1975, Geologische Übersichtskarte der Umgebung von Ephesos-Selçuk. Scale 1:25.000. OeAI-Inventarnummer 2352, Vienna. (in German) (“Geological overview map of the area around Ephesos-Selçuk”)
Wyers, G.P., & Barton, M. 1986, Petrology and evolution of transitional alkaline - sub alkaline lavas from Patmos, Dodecanesos, Greece: evidence for fractional crystallization, magma mixing and assimilation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 93(3): 297-311. doi:10.1007/BF00389389
Wyers, G.P., & Barton, M. 1987, Geochemistry of a transitional ne-trachybasalt - Q-trachyte lava series from Patmos (Dodecanesos), Greece: further evidence for fractionation, mixing and assimilation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 97(2): 279-291. doi:10.1007/BF00371246
Wolf, D. 2017, Studien zur Geologie im Kaystrostal. Zur Nutzung von Lagerstätten und Rohstoffen in der Urgeschichte. Ph.D. thesis at the Institute for Geosciences and Geography, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 206 p. (in German) (“Geological studies in the Kaystros valley. About the use of deposits and raw materials in prehistory”) doi:10.25673/2039
Published
15-Dec-2020
How to Cite
Schwall, C., Brandl, M., Gluhak, T. M., Milić, B., Betina, L., Sørensen, L., Wolf, D., Martinez, M., & Horejs, B. (2020). From near and far: Stone procurement and exchange at Çukuriçi Höyük in Western Anatolia. Journal of Lithic Studies, 7(3), 25 p. https://doi.org/10.2218/jls.3093
Section
Articles from the 2nd Meeting of the Association for Ground Stone Tools Research