The use of fan scrapers: Microwear evidence from Late Pottery Neolithic and Early Bronze Age, Ein Zippori, Israel
Keywords:
microwear analysis, late Pottery Neolithic, Wadi Rabbah, Early Bronze Age, southern Levant
Abstract
The results of a microwear analysis of samples of fan scrapers and fan scrapers spalls from late Pottery Neolithic (PN) and Early Bronze Age (EBA) occupation layers at Ein Zippori, Lower Galilee, Israel are presented. The goal of the microwear analysis was to determine the function of the fan scrapers and compare the visible usewear on the scrapers found in late PN and EBA lithic assemblages. The results indicate that during both periods most of the fan scrapers were used to skin and butcher animals, while some were also used for hide processing and bone working. The working edges of the fan scrapers had sharp, moderate, or steep edge-angles, and different edges were used for different tasks. Edges with microwear from scraping meat, bone, and hides (including some hides that may have been treated with abrasives) had steep edge-angles, while there were moderate or sharp edge-angles on the edges of fan scrapers used for cutting. Two sub-types of fan scrapers were identified, flat cortex fan scrapers (FCFS), and cortical fan scrapers (CFS) with convex dorsal faces. The CFS were abundant in PN contexts, while the FCFS were more common in EBA layers. However both of the sub-types had similar microwear traces.
References
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Halstead, P., & Isaakidou, V. 2011, Revolutionary Secondary Products: the Development and Significance of Milking, Animal-Traction and Wool-Gathering in Later Prehistoric Europe and the Near East. In: Interweaving Worlds: Systemic Interactions in Eurasia 7th 1st Millennia B.C. (Wilkinson, T.C., Sherratt, S. & Bennet, J., Eds.), Oxbow Books, Oxford: p. 61-76.
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Juel Jensen, H. 1988, Functional Analysis of Prehistoric Flint Tools by High-Power Microscopy: a Review of West European Research. Journal of World Prehistory, 2: 53-88. doi:10.1007/BF00975122
Kaplan, J. 1969, Ein el Jarba: Chalcolithic remains in the plain of Eshdraelon. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 194:2-39. doi:10.2307/1356425
Keeley, L. H. 1980, Experimental Determination of Stone Tool Uses: A Microwear Analysis. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 226 p. URL: http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/E/bo3615551.html
Khalaily, H. 2011, Nahal Yarmut: A Late Pottery Neolithic Site of the Wadi Rabah culture, south of Nahal Soreq. Atiqot, 67: 1-29.
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Levy, Т.Е., & Alon, D. 1985, Shiqmim: A Chalcolithic village and mortuary centre in the northern Negev. Paléorient, 11(1):71-83. doi:10.3406/paleo.1985.4362
Longo, L., & Skakun, N., (Eds.), 2008, “Prehistoric Technology” 40 Years Later: Functional Studies and the Russian Legacy. Oxford, BAR International Series Vol. S1783, Oxford: Oxbow, Oxford, 559 p.
Mallon, R.P.A. 1932, Les Fouilles de Teleilat Ghassul. Syria, 13: 334-344. doi:10.3406/syria.1932.3650
Mallon, A., Koeppel, R., & Neuville, R. 1934, Teleilat Ghassul I, 1929-32. Pontifical Biblical Institute, Rome, 193 p.
Marder, O., Braun, E., & Milevski, I. 1995, The Flint Assemblage of Lower Ḥorvat’ Illin : Some Technical and Economic Considerations. ‘Atiqot, 27: 63-93.
McConaughy, M.A. 1979, Formal and Functional Analyses of the Chipped Stone Tools from Bâb edh- Dhrâ, Jordan. Ph.D. dissertation at the Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 431 p.
McConaughy, M.A. 1980, F. Chipped Stone Tools. In: Preliminary Report of the 1979 Expedition to the Dead Sea Plain, Jordan (Rast, W.E., & Schaub, R.T., Eds.), Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 240: 53-59. doi:10.2307/1356536
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Noy, T. 1998, The flint artifacts. In: The Chalcolithic culture of the Golan (Epstein, C., Ed.), Israel Antiquity Authority (IAA) Reports Vol. 4, Jerusalem: p. 269-332.
Quintero, L.A., Wilke, P.J., & Rollefson, G.O. 2002, From Flint Mine to Fan Scraper: The Late Prehistoric Jafr Industrial Complex. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 327: 17-48. doi:10.2307/1357856
Rosen, S.A. 1983, Tabular Scraper Trade: a Model of Material Cultural Dispersion. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 249: 79-86. doi:10.2307/1356563
Rosen, S.A. 1997, Lithics after the Stone Age. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press, 184 p.
Rosen, S. 2013, Arrowheads, Axes, Ad Hoc, and Sickles: An Introduction to Aspects of Lithic Variability across the Near East in the Bronze and Iron Ages. Lithic Technology, 38(3): 141-149. doi:10.1179/0197726113Z.00000000023
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Rowan, Y., & Levy, T.E. 1991, Use Wear Analysis of Chalcolithic Scraper Assemblage from Shiqmin. Mitekufat Haeven: Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society, 1991: 112-134.
Semenov, S.A. 1964, Prehistoric Technology. Barnes and Noble, New York, 211 p.
Sherratt, A.G. 1997a, Plough and Pastorialism: Aspects of the Secondary Products Revolution. In: Economy and Society in Prehistoric Europe: Changing Perspectives (Sherratt, A., Ed.), Princeton University Press, Princeton: p. 158-198.
Sherratt, A.G. 1997b, The Secondary Exploitation of Animals in the Old World. In: Economy and Society in Prehistoric Europe: Changing Perspectives (Sherratt, A., Ed.), Princeton University Press, Princeton: p.199-228.
Sliva, R.J., & Keeley, L.H. 1994, “Frits” and Specialized Hide Preparation in the Belgian Early Neolithic. Journal of Archaeological Science, 21: 91-99. doi:10.1006/jasc.1994.1010
Stepieǹ, U. 2012, Tabular Scrapers from the Eastern Kom at Tell el-Farkha. Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization, 16: 75-84.
Unger-Hamilton, R. 1991, The Microwear Analysis of Scrapers and “Sickle Blades.” In: Excavations at Jawa 1972-1986: Stratigraphy, Pottery, and Other Finds (Betts, A.V.G., Ed.), Excavations and Explorations in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Vol. 1, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh: p. 149-153, 351.
Vila, E., & Helmer, D. 2014, The Expansion of Sheep Herding and the Development of Wool Production in the Ancient Near East: An Archaeozoological and Iconographical Approach. In: Wool Economy in the Ancient Near East and the Aegean: From the Beginnings of Sheep Husbandry to Institutional Textile Industry (Breniquet, C., & Michel, C. Eds.), Oxbow Books, Oxford: p. 22-40.
Wilkinson, T. C., Sherratt, S., & Bennet, J., (Eds.), 2011, Interweaving Worlds: Systemic Interactions in Eurasia 7th-1st Millennia B.C., Oxbow Books, Oxford, 308 p.
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Yerkes, R.W. 1987, Prehistoric Life on the Mississippi Floodplain: Stone Tool Use, Settlement Organization, and Subsistence Practices at the Labras Lake Site, Illinois. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 279 p. URL: http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/P/bo5965622.html
Yerkes, R.W., & Barkai, R. 2012, Microwear analysis of bifacial tools at Nahal Zehora. In: Village Communities of the Pottery Neolithic Period in the Menashe Hills, Israel: Archaeological Investigations at the sites of Nahal Zehora (Gopher, A., Ed.), Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology 29, Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv: p. 930-977.
Yerkes, R.W., & Kardulias, P.N., 1993. Recent Developments in the Analysis of Lithic Artifacts. Journal of Archaeological Research, 1: 89-119. doi:10.1007/BF01326933
Zutovski, K., Yerkes, R.W., Agam, A., Willson, L., Barkai, R., & Gopher, A. 2016, Techno-Typological Analysis of Fan (Tabular) Scrapers, Ein Zippori, Israel. Journal of Lithic Studies, 3(1): 33 p. doi:10.2218/jls.v3i1.1454
Bankirer, R. Y., & Marder, O. 2003, The flints from Tel Gat-Hefer. ‘Atiqot, 44:139-142.
Barkai, R. 2004, The Chalcolithic Lithic Assemblage. In: Giv’at Ha-Oranim, A Chalcolithic Site (Scheftelowitz, N., & Oren, R., Eds), Salvage Excavation Reports Vol. 1, Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv: p.87-109. URL: http://archaeology.tau.ac.il/arch_files/info/ran_barkai/III.pdf
Barkai, R., & Gopher, A. 2012, Flint assemblages from Nahal Zehora II: Techno-typological changes during the PN. In: Village Communities of the Pottery Neolithic Period in the Menashe Hills, Israel: Archaeological Investigations at the sites of Nahal Zehora (Gopher, A. Ed.), Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology Vol. 29, Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv: p. 757-869.
Barket, T.M., & Bell, C.A. 2011, Tabular Scrapers: Function Revisited. Near Eastern Archaeology, 74(1):56-59. doi:10.5615/neareastarch.74.1.0056
Bar-Yosef, O., Belfer, A., Goren, A., & Smith, P. 1977, The nawamis near ’Ein Huderah (Eastern Sinai). Israel Exploration Journal, 27: 65-88.
Beit-Arieh, I., (Ed.), 2003, Archaeology of Sinai. The Ophir Expedition. Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology Vol. 21, Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 454 p. URL: http://archaeology.tau.ac.il/?page_id=1440
Bennett, W.J. Jr., Sollberger, J.B., & Gettys, A.F. 1989, Flint Tools. In: Tell el-Hesi: the Persian Period (Stratum V) (Bennett, W.J., Blakely, J.A., O’Connell, K.G., Horton, F.L., & Coogan, M.D., Eds.), Excavation Reports: Joint Archaeological Expedition to Tell el-Hesi Vol. 3. Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, IN: p. 231-326.
van den Brink, E., Horwitz, L.K., Khalaily, H., Liphschitz, N., Mienis, K., & Nagar, Y. 2004, A Chalcolithic Dwelling and Burial Cave at Ḥorvat Castra. Israel Exploration Journal, 54(2): 129-153. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27927073
Crowfoot-Payne, J. 1983, The flint industries of Jericho. In: Excavations at Jericho Vol. V (Kenyon, K.A., & T. A. Holland, T.A., Eds.), British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem, London: p. 622-759.
Davis, S.J. M. 1987, The Archaeology of Animals. Yale University Press, New Haven, 224 p.
Davis, S.J.M. 2012, Animal Remains at the Nahal Zehora Sites. In: Village Communities of the Pottery Neolithic Period in the Menashe Hills, Israel: Archaeological Investigations at the Sites of Nahal Zehora (Gopher, A., Ed.), Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology Vol. 29, Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv: p. 1258-1320.
Elliott, C. 1977, The Religious Beliefs of the Ghassulians, 4000-3100 B.C. Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 109:3-25. doi:10.1179/peq.1977.109.1.3
Fujii, S. 1999, Qa` Abu Tulayha West: An Interim Report of the 1998 Season. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 43: 69-89.
van Gijn A.L. 1990, The Wear and Tear of Flint: Principles of Microwear Analysis Applied to Dutch Neolithic Assemblages. Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia Vol. 22, University of Leiden, Leiden, 182 p.
van Gijn, A. 2010, Flint in Focus: Lithic Biographies in the Neolithic and Bronze Age. Sidestone Press, Leiden, 289 p.
Gopher, A. 1989, The flint assemblages of Munhata (Israel), final report. Paris: Les Cahiers du Centre de Recherche Francais de Jerusalem Vol. 4, Association Paleorient, Paris, 162 p.
Gopher, A. 2012, The Pottery Neolithic in the Southern Levant - A Second Neolithic Revolution. In: Village Communities of the Pottery Neolithic Period in the Menashe Hills, Israel: Archaeological Investigations at the sites of Nahal Zehora (Gopher, A. Ed.), Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology Vol. 29, Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv: p. 1525-1611.
Greenhut, Z. 1989, חפירות במדבר יהודה. In: Excavations in the Judean Desert (Bar-Adon, P., Ed.) ʻAtīqōt [Hebrew Series] Vol. 9, Atīqōt, Jerusalem: p. 60-77. (in Hebrew) (“Mispeh Shalem - Flint Tools”)
Grigson, C. 2000, The Secondary Products Revolution? Changes in Animal Management from the Fourth to the Fifth Millennium at Arjoune, Syria. In: Archaeolozoology of the Near East IV (Mashkour, M., Choyke, A.M., Buitenhuis, H., & Poplin, F., Eds.), Oxbow Books, Oxford: p. 12-28.
Halstead, P., & Isaakidou, V. 2011, Revolutionary Secondary Products: the Development and Significance of Milking, Animal-Traction and Wool-Gathering in Later Prehistoric Europe and the Near East. In: Interweaving Worlds: Systemic Interactions in Eurasia 7th 1st Millennia B.C. (Wilkinson, T.C., Sherratt, S. & Bennet, J., Eds.), Oxbow Books, Oxford: p. 61-76.
Henry, D. O. 1995, Prehistoric Cultural Ecology and Evolution: Insights from Southern Jordan. Plenum Press, New York, 466 p.
Juel Jensen, H. 1988, Functional Analysis of Prehistoric Flint Tools by High-Power Microscopy: a Review of West European Research. Journal of World Prehistory, 2: 53-88. doi:10.1007/BF00975122
Kaplan, J. 1969, Ein el Jarba: Chalcolithic remains in the plain of Eshdraelon. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 194:2-39. doi:10.2307/1356425
Keeley, L. H. 1980, Experimental Determination of Stone Tool Uses: A Microwear Analysis. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 226 p. URL: http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/E/bo3615551.html
Khalaily, H. 2011, Nahal Yarmut: A Late Pottery Neolithic Site of the Wadi Rabah culture, south of Nahal Soreq. Atiqot, 67: 1-29.
Khalaily, H., & Nagorsky, A. 2013, Tel Hanan: A Site of the Wadi Rabah Culture East of Haifa. Atiqot, 73:1-17.
Levy, Т.Е., & Alon, D. 1985, Shiqmim: A Chalcolithic village and mortuary centre in the northern Negev. Paléorient, 11(1):71-83. doi:10.3406/paleo.1985.4362
Longo, L., & Skakun, N., (Eds.), 2008, “Prehistoric Technology” 40 Years Later: Functional Studies and the Russian Legacy. Oxford, BAR International Series Vol. S1783, Oxford: Oxbow, Oxford, 559 p.
Mallon, R.P.A. 1932, Les Fouilles de Teleilat Ghassul. Syria, 13: 334-344. doi:10.3406/syria.1932.3650
Mallon, A., Koeppel, R., & Neuville, R. 1934, Teleilat Ghassul I, 1929-32. Pontifical Biblical Institute, Rome, 193 p.
Marder, O., Braun, E., & Milevski, I. 1995, The Flint Assemblage of Lower Ḥorvat’ Illin : Some Technical and Economic Considerations. ‘Atiqot, 27: 63-93.
McConaughy, M.A. 1979, Formal and Functional Analyses of the Chipped Stone Tools from Bâb edh- Dhrâ, Jordan. Ph.D. dissertation at the Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 431 p.
McConaughy, M.A. 1980, F. Chipped Stone Tools. In: Preliminary Report of the 1979 Expedition to the Dead Sea Plain, Jordan (Rast, W.E., & Schaub, R.T., Eds.), Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 240: 53-59. doi:10.2307/1356536
Milevski, I., Liran, R., & Getzov, N. 2014, The Early Bronze Age town of Ein Zippori in the Galilee (Israel). Antiquity, 88(339): 2-5. URL: http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/milevski339/
Müller-Neuhof, B. 2006, Tabular scraper quarry sites in the Wadi Ar-Ruwayshid region (N/E Jordan). Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 50: 373-383.
Noy, T. 1998, The flint artifacts. In: The Chalcolithic culture of the Golan (Epstein, C., Ed.), Israel Antiquity Authority (IAA) Reports Vol. 4, Jerusalem: p. 269-332.
Quintero, L.A., Wilke, P.J., & Rollefson, G.O. 2002, From Flint Mine to Fan Scraper: The Late Prehistoric Jafr Industrial Complex. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 327: 17-48. doi:10.2307/1357856
Rosen, S.A. 1983, Tabular Scraper Trade: a Model of Material Cultural Dispersion. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 249: 79-86. doi:10.2307/1356563
Rosen, S.A. 1997, Lithics after the Stone Age. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press, 184 p.
Rosen, S. 2013, Arrowheads, Axes, Ad Hoc, and Sickles: An Introduction to Aspects of Lithic Variability across the Near East in the Bronze and Iron Ages. Lithic Technology, 38(3): 141-149. doi:10.1179/0197726113Z.00000000023
Rosen, S., & Vardi, J. 2014, Appendix IIH: The Chipped Stone Assemblage from Be’er Resisim-A Final Report. In: Excavations at the Early Bronze Age IV sites of Jebel Qa’Aqir and Be’er Resisim (Dever, W.G., Ed.), Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, IN: p. 327-338. URL: http://www.academia.edu/6491264/
Rowan, Y., & Levy, T.E. 1991, Use Wear Analysis of Chalcolithic Scraper Assemblage from Shiqmin. Mitekufat Haeven: Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society, 1991: 112-134.
Semenov, S.A. 1964, Prehistoric Technology. Barnes and Noble, New York, 211 p.
Sherratt, A.G. 1997a, Plough and Pastorialism: Aspects of the Secondary Products Revolution. In: Economy and Society in Prehistoric Europe: Changing Perspectives (Sherratt, A., Ed.), Princeton University Press, Princeton: p. 158-198.
Sherratt, A.G. 1997b, The Secondary Exploitation of Animals in the Old World. In: Economy and Society in Prehistoric Europe: Changing Perspectives (Sherratt, A., Ed.), Princeton University Press, Princeton: p.199-228.
Sliva, R.J., & Keeley, L.H. 1994, “Frits” and Specialized Hide Preparation in the Belgian Early Neolithic. Journal of Archaeological Science, 21: 91-99. doi:10.1006/jasc.1994.1010
Stepieǹ, U. 2012, Tabular Scrapers from the Eastern Kom at Tell el-Farkha. Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization, 16: 75-84.
Unger-Hamilton, R. 1991, The Microwear Analysis of Scrapers and “Sickle Blades.” In: Excavations at Jawa 1972-1986: Stratigraphy, Pottery, and Other Finds (Betts, A.V.G., Ed.), Excavations and Explorations in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Vol. 1, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh: p. 149-153, 351.
Vila, E., & Helmer, D. 2014, The Expansion of Sheep Herding and the Development of Wool Production in the Ancient Near East: An Archaeozoological and Iconographical Approach. In: Wool Economy in the Ancient Near East and the Aegean: From the Beginnings of Sheep Husbandry to Institutional Textile Industry (Breniquet, C., & Michel, C. Eds.), Oxbow Books, Oxford: p. 22-40.
Wilkinson, T. C., Sherratt, S., & Bennet, J., (Eds.), 2011, Interweaving Worlds: Systemic Interactions in Eurasia 7th-1st Millennia B.C., Oxbow Books, Oxford, 308 p.
Yamada, S. 2012, Use-wear analysis of tools from Nahal Zehora I. In: Village Communities of the Pottery Neolithic Period in the Menashe Hills, Israel: Archaeological Investigations at the sites of Nahal Zehora (Gopher, A., Ed.), Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology Vol. 29, Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv: p. 978-1010.
Yeivin, E., & Olami, Y. 1979, Nizzanim - A Neolithic Site in Nahal Evtah: Excavations of 1968-1970. Tel Aviv, Journal of the Institute of Archaeology, 6(3-4): 9-135. doi:10.1179/033443579788441154
Yerkes, R.W. 1987, Prehistoric Life on the Mississippi Floodplain: Stone Tool Use, Settlement Organization, and Subsistence Practices at the Labras Lake Site, Illinois. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 279 p. URL: http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/P/bo5965622.html
Yerkes, R.W., & Barkai, R. 2012, Microwear analysis of bifacial tools at Nahal Zehora. In: Village Communities of the Pottery Neolithic Period in the Menashe Hills, Israel: Archaeological Investigations at the sites of Nahal Zehora (Gopher, A., Ed.), Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology 29, Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv: p. 930-977.
Yerkes, R.W., & Kardulias, P.N., 1993. Recent Developments in the Analysis of Lithic Artifacts. Journal of Archaeological Research, 1: 89-119. doi:10.1007/BF01326933
Zutovski, K., Yerkes, R.W., Agam, A., Willson, L., Barkai, R., & Gopher, A. 2016, Techno-Typological Analysis of Fan (Tabular) Scrapers, Ein Zippori, Israel. Journal of Lithic Studies, 3(1): 33 p. doi:10.2218/jls.v3i1.1454
Published
15-Sep-2016
How to Cite
Yerkes, R., Barkai, R., Gopher, A., & Zutovski, K. (2016). The use of fan scrapers: Microwear evidence from Late Pottery Neolithic and Early Bronze Age, Ein Zippori, Israel. Journal of Lithic Studies, 3(1), 185-205. https://doi.org/10.2218/jls.v3i1.1447
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Research Articles
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