Processing plants for food: Experimental grinding within the ERC-project PLANTCULT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2218/jls.3079Keywords:
grinding stone tools; experimental archaeology; use-wear analysis; culinary practices; food identities; prehistoric EuropeAbstract
PlantCult Project aims to explore the role of culinary traditions and innovations through their impact on shaping the social landscape in ancient Europe over long time periods (from the Neolithic period to the Iron Age) and large territories. The experimental program is part of an integrated study of food products and associated equipment focusing on whether the introduction of new species or changes in social and economic organisation brought about changes in the food grinding technologies of the area.
The experiments include tools operated by back and forth reciprocal motion and circular motion, and manufactured from different raw materials, with different morphologies and sizes. The tools design and the list of plant ingredients (cereals, legumes, acorns and oil-seeds) ground in the experiments are all based on the archaeological record of the studied area. In this paper we present the experimental protocol, the multi-scale methodology applied to the use-wear analysis of grinding stone tools, and the results of the experimental processing of the main plant ingredients detected in prehistoric European cuisine.
References
Adams, J. 2002. Ground stone analysis. A technological approach. The University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City: 310 p.
Adams J. 2010, Understanding Grinding Technology through Experimentation, In: Designing Experimental Research in Archaeology: Examining Technology through Production and Use, (Ferguson J., Ed.), University Press of Colorado, Louisville: p. 129-152
Adams, J., Delgado, S., Dubreuil, L., Hamon, C., Plisson, H., Risch, R. & Eigeland, L. 2009. Functional Analysis of macro-lithic artefacts: a focus on working surfaces. In: Non-Flint Raw Material Use in Prehistory. Old prejudices and new directions.Proceedings of the XV World Congress UISPP (Lisbon, 4-9 September) (Sternke, F., Eigeland, L., & Costa, L.-J., Eds.), BAR International Series Vol. 1939, Archaeopress, Oxford: p. 43–66.
Bofill, M. 2015, Inicio y consolidación de las prácticas agrícolas durante el neolítico en el levante mediterráneo (septentrional y central): El proceso de molienda y trituración a partir del análisis funcional del instrumental macrolítico Ph. D. Thesis. Departament of Prehistory. Autonomous University of Barcelona. Barcelona,737 p. (in Spanish) (“Beginning and consolidation of agricultural practices during the Neolithic period in the Levant (north and central): The study of grinding and pounding processes from the functional analysis of the macrolithic instruments”).
Bofill, M., Procopiou, H., Vargiolu, R. & Zahouani, H. 2013. Use-wear analysis of near eastern prehistoric grinding stones. In: Regards croisés sur les outilsliés au travail des végétaux. An interdisciplinary focus on plant working tools (Anderson, P. C., Cheval, C., & Durand, A. Eds.). APDCA, Antibes. p. 225–242.
Delgado, S. 2008. Prácticas económicas y gestión social de recursos (macro)líticos en la Prehistoria Reciente (III-I Milenio AC) del Mediterráneo Occidental, Ph.D Dissertation, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra,758 p. (in Spanish) (“Economic practices and social management of technical resources in Late Prehistory (III-I Millennium BC) of the Mediterranean Western”).
Delgado, S., Gómez-Gras, D. & Risch, R. 2009. The mechanical properties of macrolithic artifacts: a methodological background for functional analysis, Journal of Archaeological Science, 36(9): 1823–1831. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.03.033
Delgado, S. & Risch, R. 2009. Towards a systematic analysis of grain processing technologies. In: Recent functional studies on non flint stone tools: Methodological improvements and archaeological inferences, 23-25 May 2008, Lisboa. (de Araújo M. & Clemente I. Eds.). Lisboa. [CDROM] p. 1-20.
Driver, H. E. 1952. The acorn in North American Indian diet. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science. 62: 56-62.
Dubreuil, L. 2002, Etude fonctionnelle des outils de broyage natoufiens: nouvelles perspectives sur l’émergence de l’agriculture au Proche-Orient, Ph.D thesis, Bordeaux I University, Bordeaux. 586 p. (in French) (“Functional study of the Natufian grinding tools: new perspectives on the emergence of agriculture in the Middle East”).
Dubreuil, L., Savage, D., Delgado-Raack, S., Plisson, H., Stephenson B. & de la Torre, I. 2015, Current Analytical Frameworks for Studies of Use–Wear on Ground Stone Tools. In: Use-Wear and Residue Analysis in Archaeology, Manuals in Archaeological Method, Theory and Technique (Marreiros, J. M., Gibaja B. J. F. & Ferreira Bicho, N., Eds.)., Springer International Publishing, Amsterdam: p.105-158. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08257-8_7
Ertuǧ, F. 2000. Linseed oil and oil mills in central Turkey. Flax/Linum and Eruca, important oil plants of Anatolia. Anatolian Studies. 50: 171-185. doi:10.2307/3643022
Foxhall, L. 1982, Experiments in the processing of wheat and barley. In: Sitometria: the role of grain as a staple food in classical Antiquity (Foxhall L. & Forbes H., Eds.), Chiron. Mitteilungen der Kommission für Alte Geschichte und Epigraphik des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts 12: p. 41-90, Appendix.p. 75-81.
Gast, M. 1968. Alimentation des populations de l’Ahaggar: étude ethnographique. Arts et métiers graphiques, Paris, 457 p. (in French) (“Food of the Ahaggar populations: ethnographic study”).
Geslin, P, 1999. L’Apprentissage des mondes. Une anthropologie appliquée aux transferts de technologies, Octares/MSH, Paris, 254 p. (in French) (“Learning the worlds. An anthropology applied to technology transfer”)
Gregoire J.-P. 1992. Les grandes unités de transformation des céréales: l’exemple des minoteries de la Mésopotamie du Sud à la fin du IIIe millénaire avant notre ère. In: Préhistoire de l’agriculture. Nouvelles approches expérimentales et ethnographiques (Anderson P.C., Ed.), CNRS Editions, Paris: p. 321-339. (in French) (“Large cereal processing units: the example of mills in southern Mesopotamia at the end of the third millennium BC”).
Hamon, C. 2006. Broyage et abrasion au Néolithique ancien. Caractérisation technique et fonctionnelle des outillages en grès du Bassin parisien. BAR International Reports S1551, Archaeopress, Oxford, 342 p. (in French) (“Grinding and abrasion in the ancient Neolithic. Technical and functional characterization of sandstone tools in the Paris Basin”)
Heiss, A.G., Antolín, F., Bleicher, N., Harb, C., Jacomet S &Kühn, M. 2017. State of the (t)art. Analytical approaches in the investigation of components and production traits of archaeological bread-like objects, applied to two finds from the Neolithic lakeshore settlement Parkhaus Opéra (Zürich, Switzerland). PLoS ONE, 12(8): e0182401. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182401
Horsfall, G. A. 1987. Design Theory and Grinding Stones. In: Lithic Studies among the Contemporary Highland Maya, (Hayden, B., Ed.), University of Arizona Press, Tucson: p. 332–337
Kislev, M.E., Simchoni, O. Melamet, Y. &Maroz, L. 2011. Flax seed production: Evidence from the early Iron Age site of Tel Beth Shean, Israel and from written sources. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 20(6): 579-584. doi:10.1007/s00334-011-0303-5
Liu, L., Field, J., Fullagar, R., Bestel, S., Chen, X. & Ma, X. 2010, What did grinding stones grind? New light on early Neolithic subsistence economy in the Middle Yellow River Valley, China. Antiquity: a quarterly review of archaeology, 84 (325): 816-833.
Marinova, E. & Valamoti, S.M. 2014. Crop diversity and choice in prehistoric South-eastern Europe: cultural and environmental factors shaping the archaeobotanical record of northern Greece and Bulgaria. In: Plants and people: choices and diversity through time (Marinova, E., Heiss, A. Eds.), Oxbow, Oxford: p. 46–54 and 92–102.
Mason, S. & Nesbitt. M. 2009. Acorns as food in southeast Turkey: implications for prehistoric subsistence in Southwest Asia. In: From foragers to farmers: papers in honour of Gordon C. Hillman (Fairbairn, A., & Weiss, E. Eds). Oxbow Books, Oxford: p.71-85.
Mauss, M. 1950. Sociologie et anthropologie. Les Presses universitaires de France, Paris: 482 p. (in French) (“Sociology and anthropology”).
Menasanch M., Risch R. & Soldevilla J. A. 2002. Las tecnologias del procesado de cereal en el sudeste de la peninsula Ibérica durante el III y el II milenio A.N.E. In: Moudre et Broyer: l'interprétation fonctionnelle de l'outillage de mouture et de broyage dans la Préhistoire et l'Antiquité (Procopiou, H. &Treuil, R. Eds). CTHS, Paris: p. 81-110. (in French) (“The technologies of cereal processing in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula during the III and II millennium BC”).
Meurers-Balke, J., & Lüning, J. 1992. Some aspects and experiments concerning the processing of the glume wheat. In: Préhistoire de l’Agriculture, Nouvelles Approches Expérimentales et Ethnographiques (Anderson, P. C., Ed.), Monographie du CRA 6, Paris: p. 341–362.
Mildwaters, J. & Clarkson, C. 2017. The efficiency of Australian grindstones for processing seed: A quantitative experiment using reproduction implements and controlling for morphometric variation and grinding techniques. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 17: 7-18. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.10.036
Procopiou, H. 1998. L’outillage de mouture et de broyage en Crète Minoenne. Ph. D. Thesis. Université de Paris I. Panthéon-Sorbonne. 231 pages. (in French) (“Grinding and grinding tools in Minoan Crete”).
Procopiou, H. 2003. Les techniques de décorticage dans le monde égéen. Étude ethnoarchéologique dans les Cyclades. In: Le traitement des récoltes: un regard sur la diversité, du Néolithique au Present. III rencontres internationales d’archéologie et d'histoire d'Antibes (Anderson, P.C., Cummings, L. S., Schippers, T. K. &Simonel, B., Eds.), APDCA, Antibes: p. 115-136. (in French) (“Dehusking techniques in the Aegean world. Ethnoarchaeological study in the Cyclades”).
Procopiou, H., Jautée, E., Vargiolu, R. & Zahouani, H. 1998. Petrographic and use-wear analysis of a quern from Syvritos Kephala. In: Functional analysis of lithic artefacts: current state of the research. Proceedings of the XIII UISPP Congress (Forli, 8 - 14 september1996) (Facchini, F., Palma di Cesnola, A., Piperno, M. & Peretto, C. Eds.). Forli, ABACO Edizioni. p. 1183-1192.
Runnels C., 1981. A Diachronic Study and Economic Analysis of Millstones from the Argolid. Ph.D. Dissertation. Indiana University, Bloomington, 402 p.
Sigaut, F. 2003, La formule de Mauss, Techniques et Culture, 40: 153-168. doi:10.4000/tc.1538. (in French) (“Mauss's formula”).
Schneider, J. 2002. Milling tool design, stone textures and function. In: Moudre et Broyer: l'interprétation fonctionnelle de l'outillage de mouture et de broyage dans la Préhistoire et l'Antiquité (Procopiou, H. &Treuil, R. Eds), CTHS, Paris: p. 31-53.
Schoumacker, A. 1993. Apports de de la technologie et de la pétrographie pour la caractérisation des meules. In: Traces et fonction: les gestes retrouvés. Colloque international de Liège, 8-9-10 décembre 1990 (Anderson, P. C., Beyries, S., Otte, M., & Plisson, H.), Service de Préhistoire, Université de Liège. Liège: p. 165-176. (in French) (“Contributions of technology and petrography for the characterization of grinding implements”).
Stika, H.-P. & Heiss, A.G. 2013. Plant cultivation in the Bronze Age. In: The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age (Fokkens, H. & Harding, A., Eds.), Oxford University Press, Oxford: p. 348-369.
Stroulia, A. 2010. Flexible stones. Groundstone tools from Franchthi Cave. Fascicle 14, Excavations at Franchthi Cave, Greece. Bloomington, Indiana University Press, Indianapolis, 242 p. doi:10.2307/j.ctv80cdgp
Stroulia, A., Dubreuil, L., Robitaille, J. & Nelson, K. 2017, Salt, Sand, and Saddles: Exploring an Intriguing Work Face Configuration among Grinding Tools, Ethnoarchaeology, 9(2): 119-145. doi:10.1080/19442890.2017.1364053
Tsoraki, C., 2007. Unravelling Ground Stone Life Histories: the Spatial Organization of Stone Tools and Human Activities at LN Makriyalos, Greece. Documenta Praehistorica, 34: 289-298. doi:10.4312/dp.34.22
Valamoti, S.M. 2007. Food across borders: a consideration of the Neolithic and Bronze Age archaeobotanical evidence from northern Greece. In: Between the Aegean and Baltic Seas: Prehistory across Borders (Galanaki, I., Tomas, I., Galanakis, Y. & Laffineur, R., Eds.). Aegeum Vol 27: p. 281-293.
Valamoti S. M., 2009. Plant food ingredients and ‘recipes’ from prehistoric Greece: the archaeobotanical evidence In: Plants and Culture: Seeds of the Cultural Heritage of Europe (Morel, J. P., Mercuri, A. M., Eds.), Centro Europeo per I Beni Culturali Ravello, Edipuglia, Bari: p. 25-38.
Valamoti, S.M. 2011. Ground cereal food preparations from Greece: the prehistory and modern survival of traditional Mediterranean ‘fast foods’. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 3(1): 19-39. doi:10.1007/s12520-011-0058-z
Valamoti, S. M., Chondrou, D. & L. Papadopoulou. 2013. Plant food processing and ground stone equipment in prehistoric Greece: An experimental investigation using seeds of einkorn and grass-pea. In: Regards croisés sur les outils liés au travail des végétaux : Actes des 33e rencontres internationales d'archéologie et d'histoire d'Antibes, 23-25 octobre 2012 (Anderson, P. C., Cheval, C., & Durand, A. Eds.). APDCA, Antibes. p. 169-188.
Valamoti, S.M., Jacomet, S.Stika, H.-P., & Heiss, A. G. 2017. The PLANTCULT Project: identifying the plant food cultures of ancient Europe. Antiquity Project Gallery,91(358): doi:10.15184/aqy.2017.130
Vargiolu, R. 2008. De la fabrication à l’utilisation d’objets archéologiques. Apport de la tribologie. Ph. D. Thesis. École Centrale de Lyon, Lyon (in French). 311 pages. (“From the manufacture to the use of archaeological objects. The contribution of tribology”).
Vencl, S. 1996. Acorns as food: again. Památky archeologické, 87(2): 95-111.
Whittaker, J. 2004. American flint knappers: Stone age art in the age of computers, University of Texas Press, Austin, 353 p.
Adams J. 2010, Understanding Grinding Technology through Experimentation, In: Designing Experimental Research in Archaeology: Examining Technology through Production and Use, (Ferguson J., Ed.), University Press of Colorado, Louisville: p. 129-152
Adams, J., Delgado, S., Dubreuil, L., Hamon, C., Plisson, H., Risch, R. & Eigeland, L. 2009. Functional Analysis of macro-lithic artefacts: a focus on working surfaces. In: Non-Flint Raw Material Use in Prehistory. Old prejudices and new directions.Proceedings of the XV World Congress UISPP (Lisbon, 4-9 September) (Sternke, F., Eigeland, L., & Costa, L.-J., Eds.), BAR International Series Vol. 1939, Archaeopress, Oxford: p. 43–66.
Bofill, M. 2015, Inicio y consolidación de las prácticas agrícolas durante el neolítico en el levante mediterráneo (septentrional y central): El proceso de molienda y trituración a partir del análisis funcional del instrumental macrolítico Ph. D. Thesis. Departament of Prehistory. Autonomous University of Barcelona. Barcelona,737 p. (in Spanish) (“Beginning and consolidation of agricultural practices during the Neolithic period in the Levant (north and central): The study of grinding and pounding processes from the functional analysis of the macrolithic instruments”).
Bofill, M., Procopiou, H., Vargiolu, R. & Zahouani, H. 2013. Use-wear analysis of near eastern prehistoric grinding stones. In: Regards croisés sur les outilsliés au travail des végétaux. An interdisciplinary focus on plant working tools (Anderson, P. C., Cheval, C., & Durand, A. Eds.). APDCA, Antibes. p. 225–242.
Delgado, S. 2008. Prácticas económicas y gestión social de recursos (macro)líticos en la Prehistoria Reciente (III-I Milenio AC) del Mediterráneo Occidental, Ph.D Dissertation, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra,758 p. (in Spanish) (“Economic practices and social management of technical resources in Late Prehistory (III-I Millennium BC) of the Mediterranean Western”).
Delgado, S., Gómez-Gras, D. & Risch, R. 2009. The mechanical properties of macrolithic artifacts: a methodological background for functional analysis, Journal of Archaeological Science, 36(9): 1823–1831. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.03.033
Delgado, S. & Risch, R. 2009. Towards a systematic analysis of grain processing technologies. In: Recent functional studies on non flint stone tools: Methodological improvements and archaeological inferences, 23-25 May 2008, Lisboa. (de Araújo M. & Clemente I. Eds.). Lisboa. [CDROM] p. 1-20.
Driver, H. E. 1952. The acorn in North American Indian diet. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science. 62: 56-62.
Dubreuil, L. 2002, Etude fonctionnelle des outils de broyage natoufiens: nouvelles perspectives sur l’émergence de l’agriculture au Proche-Orient, Ph.D thesis, Bordeaux I University, Bordeaux. 586 p. (in French) (“Functional study of the Natufian grinding tools: new perspectives on the emergence of agriculture in the Middle East”).
Dubreuil, L., Savage, D., Delgado-Raack, S., Plisson, H., Stephenson B. & de la Torre, I. 2015, Current Analytical Frameworks for Studies of Use–Wear on Ground Stone Tools. In: Use-Wear and Residue Analysis in Archaeology, Manuals in Archaeological Method, Theory and Technique (Marreiros, J. M., Gibaja B. J. F. & Ferreira Bicho, N., Eds.)., Springer International Publishing, Amsterdam: p.105-158. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08257-8_7
Ertuǧ, F. 2000. Linseed oil and oil mills in central Turkey. Flax/Linum and Eruca, important oil plants of Anatolia. Anatolian Studies. 50: 171-185. doi:10.2307/3643022
Foxhall, L. 1982, Experiments in the processing of wheat and barley. In: Sitometria: the role of grain as a staple food in classical Antiquity (Foxhall L. & Forbes H., Eds.), Chiron. Mitteilungen der Kommission für Alte Geschichte und Epigraphik des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts 12: p. 41-90, Appendix.p. 75-81.
Gast, M. 1968. Alimentation des populations de l’Ahaggar: étude ethnographique. Arts et métiers graphiques, Paris, 457 p. (in French) (“Food of the Ahaggar populations: ethnographic study”).
Geslin, P, 1999. L’Apprentissage des mondes. Une anthropologie appliquée aux transferts de technologies, Octares/MSH, Paris, 254 p. (in French) (“Learning the worlds. An anthropology applied to technology transfer”)
Gregoire J.-P. 1992. Les grandes unités de transformation des céréales: l’exemple des minoteries de la Mésopotamie du Sud à la fin du IIIe millénaire avant notre ère. In: Préhistoire de l’agriculture. Nouvelles approches expérimentales et ethnographiques (Anderson P.C., Ed.), CNRS Editions, Paris: p. 321-339. (in French) (“Large cereal processing units: the example of mills in southern Mesopotamia at the end of the third millennium BC”).
Hamon, C. 2006. Broyage et abrasion au Néolithique ancien. Caractérisation technique et fonctionnelle des outillages en grès du Bassin parisien. BAR International Reports S1551, Archaeopress, Oxford, 342 p. (in French) (“Grinding and abrasion in the ancient Neolithic. Technical and functional characterization of sandstone tools in the Paris Basin”)
Heiss, A.G., Antolín, F., Bleicher, N., Harb, C., Jacomet S &Kühn, M. 2017. State of the (t)art. Analytical approaches in the investigation of components and production traits of archaeological bread-like objects, applied to two finds from the Neolithic lakeshore settlement Parkhaus Opéra (Zürich, Switzerland). PLoS ONE, 12(8): e0182401. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182401
Horsfall, G. A. 1987. Design Theory and Grinding Stones. In: Lithic Studies among the Contemporary Highland Maya, (Hayden, B., Ed.), University of Arizona Press, Tucson: p. 332–337
Kislev, M.E., Simchoni, O. Melamet, Y. &Maroz, L. 2011. Flax seed production: Evidence from the early Iron Age site of Tel Beth Shean, Israel and from written sources. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 20(6): 579-584. doi:10.1007/s00334-011-0303-5
Liu, L., Field, J., Fullagar, R., Bestel, S., Chen, X. & Ma, X. 2010, What did grinding stones grind? New light on early Neolithic subsistence economy in the Middle Yellow River Valley, China. Antiquity: a quarterly review of archaeology, 84 (325): 816-833.
Marinova, E. & Valamoti, S.M. 2014. Crop diversity and choice in prehistoric South-eastern Europe: cultural and environmental factors shaping the archaeobotanical record of northern Greece and Bulgaria. In: Plants and people: choices and diversity through time (Marinova, E., Heiss, A. Eds.), Oxbow, Oxford: p. 46–54 and 92–102.
Mason, S. & Nesbitt. M. 2009. Acorns as food in southeast Turkey: implications for prehistoric subsistence in Southwest Asia. In: From foragers to farmers: papers in honour of Gordon C. Hillman (Fairbairn, A., & Weiss, E. Eds). Oxbow Books, Oxford: p.71-85.
Mauss, M. 1950. Sociologie et anthropologie. Les Presses universitaires de France, Paris: 482 p. (in French) (“Sociology and anthropology”).
Menasanch M., Risch R. & Soldevilla J. A. 2002. Las tecnologias del procesado de cereal en el sudeste de la peninsula Ibérica durante el III y el II milenio A.N.E. In: Moudre et Broyer: l'interprétation fonctionnelle de l'outillage de mouture et de broyage dans la Préhistoire et l'Antiquité (Procopiou, H. &Treuil, R. Eds). CTHS, Paris: p. 81-110. (in French) (“The technologies of cereal processing in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula during the III and II millennium BC”).
Meurers-Balke, J., & Lüning, J. 1992. Some aspects and experiments concerning the processing of the glume wheat. In: Préhistoire de l’Agriculture, Nouvelles Approches Expérimentales et Ethnographiques (Anderson, P. C., Ed.), Monographie du CRA 6, Paris: p. 341–362.
Mildwaters, J. & Clarkson, C. 2017. The efficiency of Australian grindstones for processing seed: A quantitative experiment using reproduction implements and controlling for morphometric variation and grinding techniques. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 17: 7-18. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.10.036
Procopiou, H. 1998. L’outillage de mouture et de broyage en Crète Minoenne. Ph. D. Thesis. Université de Paris I. Panthéon-Sorbonne. 231 pages. (in French) (“Grinding and grinding tools in Minoan Crete”).
Procopiou, H. 2003. Les techniques de décorticage dans le monde égéen. Étude ethnoarchéologique dans les Cyclades. In: Le traitement des récoltes: un regard sur la diversité, du Néolithique au Present. III rencontres internationales d’archéologie et d'histoire d'Antibes (Anderson, P.C., Cummings, L. S., Schippers, T. K. &Simonel, B., Eds.), APDCA, Antibes: p. 115-136. (in French) (“Dehusking techniques in the Aegean world. Ethnoarchaeological study in the Cyclades”).
Procopiou, H., Jautée, E., Vargiolu, R. & Zahouani, H. 1998. Petrographic and use-wear analysis of a quern from Syvritos Kephala. In: Functional analysis of lithic artefacts: current state of the research. Proceedings of the XIII UISPP Congress (Forli, 8 - 14 september1996) (Facchini, F., Palma di Cesnola, A., Piperno, M. & Peretto, C. Eds.). Forli, ABACO Edizioni. p. 1183-1192.
Runnels C., 1981. A Diachronic Study and Economic Analysis of Millstones from the Argolid. Ph.D. Dissertation. Indiana University, Bloomington, 402 p.
Sigaut, F. 2003, La formule de Mauss, Techniques et Culture, 40: 153-168. doi:10.4000/tc.1538. (in French) (“Mauss's formula”).
Schneider, J. 2002. Milling tool design, stone textures and function. In: Moudre et Broyer: l'interprétation fonctionnelle de l'outillage de mouture et de broyage dans la Préhistoire et l'Antiquité (Procopiou, H. &Treuil, R. Eds), CTHS, Paris: p. 31-53.
Schoumacker, A. 1993. Apports de de la technologie et de la pétrographie pour la caractérisation des meules. In: Traces et fonction: les gestes retrouvés. Colloque international de Liège, 8-9-10 décembre 1990 (Anderson, P. C., Beyries, S., Otte, M., & Plisson, H.), Service de Préhistoire, Université de Liège. Liège: p. 165-176. (in French) (“Contributions of technology and petrography for the characterization of grinding implements”).
Stika, H.-P. & Heiss, A.G. 2013. Plant cultivation in the Bronze Age. In: The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age (Fokkens, H. & Harding, A., Eds.), Oxford University Press, Oxford: p. 348-369.
Stroulia, A. 2010. Flexible stones. Groundstone tools from Franchthi Cave. Fascicle 14, Excavations at Franchthi Cave, Greece. Bloomington, Indiana University Press, Indianapolis, 242 p. doi:10.2307/j.ctv80cdgp
Stroulia, A., Dubreuil, L., Robitaille, J. & Nelson, K. 2017, Salt, Sand, and Saddles: Exploring an Intriguing Work Face Configuration among Grinding Tools, Ethnoarchaeology, 9(2): 119-145. doi:10.1080/19442890.2017.1364053
Tsoraki, C., 2007. Unravelling Ground Stone Life Histories: the Spatial Organization of Stone Tools and Human Activities at LN Makriyalos, Greece. Documenta Praehistorica, 34: 289-298. doi:10.4312/dp.34.22
Valamoti, S.M. 2007. Food across borders: a consideration of the Neolithic and Bronze Age archaeobotanical evidence from northern Greece. In: Between the Aegean and Baltic Seas: Prehistory across Borders (Galanaki, I., Tomas, I., Galanakis, Y. & Laffineur, R., Eds.). Aegeum Vol 27: p. 281-293.
Valamoti S. M., 2009. Plant food ingredients and ‘recipes’ from prehistoric Greece: the archaeobotanical evidence In: Plants and Culture: Seeds of the Cultural Heritage of Europe (Morel, J. P., Mercuri, A. M., Eds.), Centro Europeo per I Beni Culturali Ravello, Edipuglia, Bari: p. 25-38.
Valamoti, S.M. 2011. Ground cereal food preparations from Greece: the prehistory and modern survival of traditional Mediterranean ‘fast foods’. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 3(1): 19-39. doi:10.1007/s12520-011-0058-z
Valamoti, S. M., Chondrou, D. & L. Papadopoulou. 2013. Plant food processing and ground stone equipment in prehistoric Greece: An experimental investigation using seeds of einkorn and grass-pea. In: Regards croisés sur les outils liés au travail des végétaux : Actes des 33e rencontres internationales d'archéologie et d'histoire d'Antibes, 23-25 octobre 2012 (Anderson, P. C., Cheval, C., & Durand, A. Eds.). APDCA, Antibes. p. 169-188.
Valamoti, S.M., Jacomet, S.Stika, H.-P., & Heiss, A. G. 2017. The PLANTCULT Project: identifying the plant food cultures of ancient Europe. Antiquity Project Gallery,91(358): doi:10.15184/aqy.2017.130
Vargiolu, R. 2008. De la fabrication à l’utilisation d’objets archéologiques. Apport de la tribologie. Ph. D. Thesis. École Centrale de Lyon, Lyon (in French). 311 pages. (“From the manufacture to the use of archaeological objects. The contribution of tribology”).
Vencl, S. 1996. Acorns as food: again. Památky archeologické, 87(2): 95-111.
Whittaker, J. 2004. American flint knappers: Stone age art in the age of computers, University of Texas Press, Austin, 353 p.
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15-Dec-2020
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Articles from the 2nd Meeting of the Association for Ground Stone Tools Research
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How to Cite
Processing plants for food: Experimental grinding within the ERC-project PLANTCULT. (2020). Journal of Lithic Studies, 7(3), 26 p. https://doi.org/10.2218/jls.3079
