Testing a hypothesis about the importance of the quality of raw material on technological changes at Abric Romaní (Capellades, Spain): Some considerations using a high-resolution techno-economic perspective
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2218/jls.v3i2.1443Abstract
Technological changes have been identified in several European Middle Palaeolithic sites. Specifically, the turnover in discoid and Levallois knapping methods has traditionally been explained by raw material constraints that are usually related to foraging areas and mobility strategies of Neanderthal groups. While Levallois production requires high homogeneous blocks, predominant discoid techno-complexes have generally been interpreted as better adapted to the scarcity of high quality raw material, not only for the lowest degree of control in products morphology, but also for their multitask characteristics. Nevertheless, the impact of the quality of raw material has never been systematically studied. Furthermore, technological analyses usually consider the lithic assemblage as a whole and do not dissect assemblages to identify single events, which are units that are needed to interpret relationships between technological organisation, human mobility, economic strategies, and settlement patterns. Here, we present an application of technological analysis with a high-resolution approach to investigate, in detail, how raw material quality affected production and how Neanderthals managed the low quality of Sant Martí de Tous chert within Levallois and discoid concepts. We used Raw Material Units and refits as units of analysis with a diacritical approach. The results suggested that the Levallois organisation of the reduction sequence in layer O included a phase of selection of the block and its systematic cutting-down, as well as quite standardised productive procedures and a high fragmentation of the productive sequence within the landscape. In layer M discoid sequences showed a high internal variability as a response to raw material constraints, and most of the production was usually manufactured at the site. Data implied that factors others than the quality of raw material determined the technological turnover at Abric Romaní, suggesting that social organisation and settlement patterns have most probably played a more significant role than foraging area.
References
Allué, E. 2002, Preliminary issues regarding the taphonomic study of archaeological charcoal upon the record from the Abric Romaní (Capellades, Spain). In: Current topics on taphonomy and fossilization (Renzi, M., Pardo, M.V., Belinchón, M., Peñalver, E., Montoya, P., & Marquez-Aliaga, A., Eds.). Ajuntament de Valencia, Col•lecció Encontres, Valencia: p. 447-452.
Andrefsky, W.Jr. 1994, Raw-material availability and the organization of technology. American Antiquity, 59: 21-34. doi:10.2307/3085499
Andrefsky, W.Jr. 2009, The analysis of stone tool procurement, production, and maintenance. Journal of Archaeological Research, 17: 65-103. doi:10.1007/s10814-008-9026-2
Bamforth, D.B. 1986. Technological efficiency and tool curation. American Antiquity, 51: 38-50. doi:10.2307/280392
Bamforth, D.B. 1991. Technological organization and hunter-gatherer land use: a California example. American Antiquity, 56: 216-234. doi:10.2307/281416
Bargalló, A. 2016. Análisis tecnológico de los asentamientos Neandertales del nivel O: Abric Romaní (Barcelona, España). Publicia Publications, Saarbrücken, 260 p. (in Spanish) (“Technological analysis of layer O: A Neanderthal settlement at Abric Romaní (Barcelona, Spain”)
Bargalló, A., Gabucio, M.J., & Rivals, F. 2015, Puzzling out a palimpsest: testing an interdisciplinary study in level O of Abric Romaní. Quaternary International, 417: 51-65. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.09.066
Barkai, R., Lemorini, C., & Gopher, A. 2010, Palaeolithic cutlery 400 000-200 000 years ago: tiny meat-cutting tools from Qesem Cave, Israel. Antiquity, Project Gallery, 84 (325). URL: http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/barkai325/
Binford, L.R.1982, The Archaeology of place. Journal of Anthropological Research, 1(1): 5-31. doi:10.1016/0278-4165(82)90006-x
Bischoff, J.L., Julia, R., & Mora, R. 1988, Uranium-series dating of the Mousterian occupation at the Abric Romani, Spain. Nature, 332: 68-70. doi:10.1038/332068a0
Boëda, E. 1993, Le débitage discoide et le débitage Levallois recurrent centripète. Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, 90: 392-404. (in French) (“Discoidal and recurrent centripetal Levallois debitage”) doi:10.3406/bspf.1993.9669
Boëda, E. 1994, Le concept Levallois: variabilité des méthodes. CNRS, Monographie du CRA, 9, Paris, 290 p. (in French) (“Levallois concept: variability of methods”)
Boëda, E. 1995, Levallois: a volumetric construction, methods, a technique. In: The definition and interpretation of Levallois technology (Dibble, H.L., & Bar-Yosef, O., Eds.), Prehistory Press, Madison, Wisconsin: p. 41-68.
Bourguignon, L., & Turq, A. 2003, Une chaîne opératoire de débitage discoïde sur éclat du Moustérien à denticulés aquitain: les exemples de Champ Bossuet de Combe-Grenal c. 14. In: Discoid Lithic Technology: Advances and Implications, (Peresani, M., Ed.), BAR International Series Vol. 1120. Archaeopress, Oxford: p. 131-152. (in French) (“A core-on-flake discoidal productive sequence in the denticulated Mousterian in Aquitania: the examples from Champ Bossuet de Combe-Grenal c.14”)
Bourguignon, L., Faivre, J.P., & Turq, A. 2004, Ramification des chaînes opératoires: une spécificité du Moustérien? Paléo, 16: 37-48. (in French) (“Ramification of productive sequences: is it a Mousterian specificity?”)
Burjachs, F., Lopez-Garcia, J. M., Allue, E., Blain, H-A., Rivals, F., Bennàsar, M., & Expósito, I. 2012, Palaeoecology of Neanderthals during Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles in northeastern Iberia (Abric Romani): from regional to global scale. Quaternary International, 247: 26-37. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.01.035
Cabanes, D., Allué, E., Vallverdu, J., Cáceres, I., Vaquero, M. & Pastó, I. 2007, Hearth structure and function at level J (50 kyr, BP) from Abric Romani (Capellades, Spain): phytolith, charcoal, bones and stone-tools (Part 3: Applications in Archaeology). In: Plants, People and Places: Recent studies in Phytolithic analysis (Madella, M., & Zurro, D., Eds.), Oxbow Books, Oxford: p. 98-106.
Cáceres, I., Bennàsar, M., Huguet, R., Rosell, J., Saladié, P., Fernández-Laso, M.C., Gabucio, M.J., Ibáñez, N., Martín, P., Muñoz, L., & Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A. 2012, Taphonomy of level J of Abric Romaní. In: High Resolution Archaeology and Neanderthal Behavior. Time and Space in Level J of Abric Romaní (Capellades, Spain) (Carbonell, E., Ed.), Springer, New York: p. 159-187. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-3922-2_6
Chacón, M.G., Bargalló, A., Gómez de Soler, B., Picin, A., Vaquero, M., & Carbonell, E. 2013, Continuity or discontinuity of Neanderthal technological behaviours during MIS 3: level M and level O of the Abric Romaní site (Capellades, Spain). In: Pleistocene foragers on the Iberian Peninsula: their culture and environment (Pastoors, A., & Auffermann, B., Eds.), Festschrift in honour of Gerd-Christian Weniger for his sixtieth birthday. Wissenschaftliche Schriften des Neanderthal Museum Vol. 7, Mettman: p. 55-84.
Cortés, M., (Ed.), 2007, Cueva Bajondillo (Torremolinos). Secuencia cronocultural y paleoambiental del Cuaternario reciente en la Bahía de Málaga. Centro de Ediciones de la Diputación de Málaga, Malaga, 546 p. (in Spanish) (Bajondillo Cave (Torremolinos). Chrono-cultural and paleoenvironmental sequence of Late Quaternary in Bahía de Málaga”)
Crabtree, D.E. 1967, Notes on experiments in flintknapping: 3. The flintknapper’s raw materials. Tebiwa, 10: p. 8-24.
Dauvois, N. 1976, Précis de dessin dynamique et structural des industries lithiques préhistoriques. Fanlac, Perigueux, 262 p. (in French) (“Précis of dynamic and structural drawing of prehistoric lithic industries”)
de la Torre, I., Martínez-Moreno, J., & Mora, R. 2013, Change and stasis in the Iberian Middle Paleolithic. Considerations on the significance of Mousterian technological variability. Current Anthropology, 54: S320-S336. doi:10.1086/673861
Delagnes, A., & Rendu, W. 2011, Shifts in Neandertal mobility, technology and subsistence strategies in western France. Journal of Archaeological Science, 38: 1771-1783. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2011.04.007
Dibble, H.L. 1985, Raw-material variation in Levallois flake manufacture. Current Anthropology, 26: 391-393. doi:10.1086/203286
Dibble, H.L, & Bar-Yosef, O., (Eds.), 1995, The definition and interpretation of Levallois technology. Prehistory, Madison, 502 p.
Eren, M.I., Lycett, S.J., Roos, C.I., & Sampson, C.G. 2011, Toolstone constraints on knapping skill: Levallois reduction with two different raw materials. Journal of Archaeological Science, 38: 2731-2739. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2011.06.011
Faivre, J.P., Discamps, E., Gravina, B., Turq, A., Guadelli, J.L., & Lenoir, M. 2014, The contribution of lithic production systems to the interpretation of Mousterian industrial variability in south-western France: the example of Combe-Grenal (Dordogne, France). Quaternary International, 356: 227-240. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.05.048
Féblot-Augustins, J. 1999, La mobilité des groupes paléolithiques. Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d’anthropologie de Paris, Nouvelle Series, 11: 219-260. (in French) (“The mobility of Palaeolithic groups”) doi:10.3406/bmsap.1999.2551
Fernández Peris, J. 2007, La Cova del Bolomor (La Valldigna, Valencia). Las industrias líticas del Pleistoceno medio en el ámbito del mediterráneo peninsular, Trabajos Varios del Servicio de Investigación Prehistórica Vol. 108, Valencia, 463 p. (in Spanish) (“Bolomor Cave (La Valldigna, Valencia). The Middle Pleistocene lithic industry in the framework of peninsular Mediterranean area”) URL: http://www.museuprehistoriavalencia.es/web_mupreva/publicaciones/?q=es&id=139
Fernández Peris, J., Barciela, V., Blasco, R., Cuartero, F., & Sañudo, P 2008, El Paleolítico Medio en el territorio valenciano y la variabilidad tecno-económica de la Cova del Bolomor. Treballs d’Arqueologia, 14: 141-169. (in Spanish) (“The Middle Palaeolithic in the territory of Valencia and the techno-economic variability of Cova de Bolomor”)
Fernandez-Laso, M.C., Chacon, M.G., Garcia-Anton, M.D., & Rivals, F. 2011, Territorial Mobility of Neanderthal groups: a case study from Level M of Abric Romaní (Capellades, Barcelona, Spain). In: Neanderthal lifeways, subsistence and technology (Conard, N.J., & Richter, J. Eds.), Heidelberg, Springer: p. 187-202. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0415-2_17
Fernandez-Laso, M.C., Rivals, F., & Rosell, J. 2010, Intra-site changes in seasonality and their consequences on the faunal assemblages from Abric Romani (Middle Paleolithic, Spain). Quaternaire, 21: 155-163. doi:10.4000/quaternaire.5525
Gabucio, M.J., Cáceres, I., Rosell, J., Saladié, P., & Vallverdú, J. 2014a, From small bone fragments to Neanderthal activity areas: the case of Level O of the Abric Romaní (Capellades, Barcelona, Spain). Quaternary International, 330: 36-51. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.12.015
Gabucio, M.J., Cáceres, I., Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A., Rosell, J., & Saladié, P. 2014b, A wildcat (Felis silvestris) butchered by Neanderthals in the Level O of the Abric Romaní site (Capellades, Barcelona, Spain). Quaternary International, 326-327: 307-318. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.10.051
Gabucio, M.J., Cáceres, I., Rivals, F., Bargalló, A., Rosell, J., Saladié, P., Vallverdú, J., Vaquero, M., & Carbonell, E. 2016, Unravelling a Neanderthal palimpsest from a zooarcheological and taphonomic perspective. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, online first: 1-26. doi:10.1007/s12520-016-0343-y
Galván, B., Hernández, C.M., Ortega, F., Molina, F.J., & Tarriño, A. 2009, La producción lítica del Abric del Pastor (Alcoi, Alicante). Un ejemplo de variabilidad musteriense. Tabona, 17: 11-61. (in Spanish) (“The lithic production of Abric del Pastor (Alcoi, Alicante)”) URL: http://riull.ull.es/xmlui/handle/915/2302
Geneste, J.M. 1985, Analyse lithique d’industries moustériennes du Périgord: une approche technologique du comportement des groupes humains au Paléolithique moyen, PhD Dissertation, Université de Bordeaux I, Bordeaux, 571 p. (in French) (“The lithic analysis of Mousterian industries in Perigord: A technological approach to the behaviour of human groups in Middle Palaeolithic”)
Geneste, J.M. 1992, L’approvisionnement en matières premières dans les systemes de production lithique: la dimension spatiale de la technologie. In: Tecnología y Cadenas Operativas líticas (Mora, R., Terradas, X., Parpal, A., & Plana, C., Eds.), Treballs d’Arqueologia, 1: 1-31. (in French) (“Raw materials supply in lithic production systems: the spatial characteristic of technology”) URL: http://www.raco.cat/index.php/TreballsArqueologia/article/view/50042
Giles Pacheco, F.G., Giles Guzmán, F.J., Gutiérrez, J.M., Santiago, A., Finlayson, C., Rodríguez, J., Finlayson, G., & Fa, D. 2012, The tools of the last Neanderthals: Morphotechnical characterization of the lithic industry at level IV of Gorham’s Cave, Gibraltar. Quaternary International, 247: 151 161. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.02.026
Gómez de Soler, B. 2009, Àrees de captació, tecnologia lítica i estratègies d’aprovisionament de reques silicies em el nível L de l’Abric Romaní (Capellades, Barcelona). Quadern de Prehistòria Catalana, 17: 11-56. (in Catalan) (“Catchment areas, lithic technology, and raw materials supply strategies in layer L at Abric Romaní (Capellades, Barcelona)”) URL: http://www.raco.cat/index.php/QuadernPrehistoriaAAG/article/view/225534/306888
Gómez de Soler, B. 2016, Procedencia del aprovisionamiento lítico durante el Paleolítico medio en el yacimiento del Abric Romaní (Capellades, Barcelona). Niveles M, Oa y P, PhD Dissertation, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, 408 p. (in Spanish) (“Lithic supply in Middle Palaeolithic at Abric Romaní (Capellades, Barcelona). Layers M, Oa, and P”)
Gómez de Soler, B., Vallverdú, J., Soto, M., Allué, E., Bargalló, A., Campeny, G., Chacón, M.G., Gabucio, M.J., Marín, J., Saladié, P., Romagnoli, F., Vaquero, M., Carbonell, E. in press, Afloraments silicis a la Catalunya Central i àrees de captació dels neandertals de l’Abric Romaní (Capellades, Anoia). Els cas dels nivells M, Oa i P. In: Jornades de Arqueologia de la Catalunya Central 2015-2016, Museu Diocesà i Comarcal de Solsona, Solsona (Spain): 8 p. (in Catalan) (“Siliceous outcrops in Central Catalonia and catchment areas of the Neanderthals of Abric Romaní (Capellades, Anoia). The cases of the levels M, Oa and P”)
Goodman, M.E. 1944, The physical properties of stone materials. American Antiquity 9: 415-433. doi:10.2307/275093
Goren-Inbar, N. 1988, To Small To Be True? Reevaluation of Cores on Flakes in Levantine Mousterian Assemblages. Lithic Technology, 17: 37-44. doi:10.1080/01977261.1988.11754524
Guette, C. 2002, Révision critique du concept de débitage Levallois à travers l’étude du gisement moustérien de Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue/le Fort (chantiers I-III et II, niveaux inférieurs) (Manche, France). Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, 99: 237-248. (in French) (“Critical revision of Levallois debitage concept through the study of Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue/le Fort Mousterian site (chantiers I-III et II, lower layers) (Manche, France)”) doi:10.3406/bspf.2002.12655
Inizan, M.L., Reduron-Ballinger, M., Roche, H., & Tixier, J. 1999, Technology and terminology of knapped stone, CREP, Nanterre. URL: http://www.mae.u-paris10.fr/prehistoire/IMG/pdf/Technology_and_Terminology_of_Knapped_Stone.pdf
Koumouzelis, M., Kozlowski, J.K., Escutenaire, C., Sitlivy, V., Sobczyk, K., Valladas, H., Tinesrat-Laborde, N., Wojtal, P., & Ginter, B. 2001, La fin du Paléolithique moyen et le début du Paléolithique supérieur en Grèce: la séquence de la Grotte 1 de Klissoura. L’Anthropologie, 105: 469-504. (in French) (“The end of Middle Palaeolithic and the beginning of Upper Palaeolithic in Greece: the sequence of Cave 1 of Klissoura”) doi:10.1016/s0003-5521(01)80049-2
Kuhn, S.L. 1995, Mousterian lithic technology. An ecological perspective, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 224 p. doi:10.1515/9781400864034
Kuhn, S.L. 2011, Neanderthal technoeconomics: an assessment and suggestion for future developments. In: Neanderthal lifeways, subsistence and technology: one hundred fifty years of Neanderthal study (Conard, N.J., & Richter, J., Eds.), Springer, Dordrecht: p. 99-110. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0415-2_10
Larson, M.L., & Kornfeld, M. 1997, Cjipped Stone Nodules: Theory, Method, and Examples. Lithic Technology, 22: 4-18. doi:10.1080/01977261.1997.11754530
Lemorini, C., Venditti, F., Assaf, E., Parush, Y., & Barkai, R. 2015, The function of recycled lithic items at late Lower Paleolithic Qesem Cave, Israel: an overview of the use-wear data. Quaternary International, 361: 103-112. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.07.032
Le Tensorer, J.-M. 1998, Le Paléolithique en Suisse. J. Million, Grenoble, 500 p. (in French) (“The Palaeolithic in Switzerland”)
Machado, J., Molina, F.J., Hernández, C.M., Tarriño, A., & Galván, B. 2016, Using lithic assemblage formation to approach Middle Palaeolithic settlement dynamics: el Salt stratigraphic Unit X (Alicante, Spain). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 29 p. doi:10.1007/s12520-016-0318-z
Molés, V., & Boutié, P. 2009, Contribution à la reconnaissance d’une microproduction au Paléolithique moyen: les industries de la grotte des Ramandils (Port-La Nouvelle, Aude, France). L’Anthropologie, 113: 356-380. (in French) (“Contribution to the identification of a Middle Palaeolithic micro production: the lithic industries of Ramandils Cave (Port-La Nouvelle, Aude, France)”) doi:10.1016/j.anthro.2009.04.002
Moncel, M.H., & Daujeard, C. 2012, The variability of the Middle Palaeolithic on the right bank of the Middle Rhône Valley (Southeast France): technical traditions or functional choices? Quaternary International, 247: 103-124. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.10.030
Moreau, L., Brandl, M., & Nigst, P.R. 2016, Did prehistoric foragers behave in an economically irrational manner? Raw material availability and technological organisation at the early Gravettian site of Willendorf II (Austria). Quaternary International, 406: 84-94. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.123
Otte, M. 1991, Evolution in the relationships between raw materials and cultural tradition in the European Palaeolithic. In: Raw material economies among prehistoric hunter-gatherers (Montet-White, A., & Holen, S., Eds.), University of Kansas: p. 161-167.
Peresani, M. 2011, Fifty-thousand years of flint knapping and tool shaping across the Mousterian and Uluzzian sequence of Fumane cave. Quaternary International, 247: 1-26. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.02.006
Peresani, M., (Ed.), 2003, Discoid Lithic Technology: Advances and Implications, BAR International Series 1120. Archaeopress, Oxford, 275 p.
Picin, A., & Carbonell, E. 2016, Neanderthal mobility and technological change in the northeastern of the Iberian Peninsula: the patterns of chert exploitation at the Abric Romaní rock-shelter. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 15: 581-594. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2015.09.012
Rios-Garaizar, J. 2010, Organización económica de las sociedades neandertales: el caso del nivel VII de Amalda (Zestoa, Gipuzkoa). Zephyrus, 65: 15-37. (in Spanish) (“Economic organisation of Neanderthal societies: the case study of layer VII of Amalda (Zestoa, Gipuzkoa )”) URL: http://gredos.usal.es/jspui/handle/10366/100641
Rios-Garaizar, J. 2017, A new chronological and technological synthesis for Late Middle Palaeolithic of the Eastern Cantabrian Region. Quaternary International, 432(B): 50-63. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.02.020
Rios-Garaizar, J., & García-Moreno, A. 2015, Middle Paleolithic Mobility Patterns and Settlement System Variability in the Eastern Cantabrian Region (Iberian Peninsula): a GIS-Based Resource Patching Model. In: Settlement Dynamics of the Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age vol. 4, (Conard, N.J., & Delagnes, A., Eds.), Kerns Verlag, Tübingen: p. 329-360.
Roebroeks, W., 1988, From Find Scatters to Early Hominid Behaviour. A Study of Middle Palaeolithic Riverside Settlements at Maastricht-belvedere (Netherlands). Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 21, University of Leiden, Leiden, 175 p.
Rolland, N., & Dibble, H.L. 1990, A New Synthesis of Middle Paleolithic Assemblage Variability. American Antiquity, 55: 480-499. doi:10.2307/281279
Romagnoli, F. 2015, A second life: recycling production waste during Middle Palaeolithic in Southern Italy. The lithic assemblage of layer L at Grotta del Cavallo (Lecce, South Apulia). Quaternary International, 361: 200-211. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.07.033
Romagnoli, F., Trenti, F., Nannini, L., Carmignani, L., Ricci, G., Lo Vetro, D., Martini, F., & Sarti, L 2016a, Raw material procurement and productive sequences in the Palaeolithic of southern Italy: the Tyrrhenian and the Ionian areas. In: Ressources lithiques, productions et transferts entre Alpes et Méditerranée (Tomasso, A., Binder, D., Martino, G., Simon, P., Porraz, G., Simon, P., & Naudinot, N., Eds.), Société Préhistorique Française, Les Séances de la SPF 5, Paris: p. 177-197. URL: http://www.prehistoire.org/offres/file_inline_src/515/515_P_40036_578298164ec72_8.pdf
Romagnoli, F., Baena, J., & Sarti, L. 2016b, Neanderthal retouched shell tools and Quina economic and technical strategies: an integrated behaviour. Quaternary International, 407: 29-44. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.07.034
Sharp, W.D., Mertz-Kraus, R., Vallverdú, J., Vaquero, M., Burjachs, F., Carbonell, E., & Bishoff, J.L. 2016, Archaeological deposits at Abric Romaní extend to 110 ka: U-series dating of a newly cored, 30 meter-thick section. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 5: 400-406. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.12.015
Slimak, L., 2008, ¿Qué sistemas de talla, qué conceptos, qué límites para el Paleolítico Medio? Treballs d’Arqueologia, 14: 9-26. (in Spanish) (“Which knapping systems, which concepts, which limits in Middle Palaeolithic?”)
Solé, A., Allué, E., & Carbonell, E. 2013, Heart-related wood remains from Abric Romaní layer M (Capellades, Spain). Journal of Anthropological Research, 69: 535-559. doi:10.3998/jar.0521004.0069.406
Soto, M., Gómez de Soler, B., Vallverdú, J, & Vaquero, M. 2014, Potential siliceous sources during Prehistory: Results of prospecting in the East margin of the Ebro Basin (NE Iberian Peninsula). Journal of Lithic Studies, 1(1): 293-318. doi:10.2218/jls.v1i1.772
Terradillos-Bernal, M., & Rodríguez-Álvarez, X.P. 2017, The influence of raw material quality on the characteristics of the lithic tool edges from the Atapuerca sites (Burgos, Spain). Quaternary International, 433(A): 211-223. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.122
Turq, A. 1989, Exploitation des matières premières lithiques et exploitation du sol: l’exemple du Mustérien entre Dordogne et Lot. Cahiers du Quaternaire, 13: 179-204. (in French) (“The exploitation of lithic raw materials and of soil: the example of Mousterian between Dordogne and Lot”)
Turq, A., Faivre, J.-P., Goldberg, P., McPherron, S., & Sandgathe, D. 2008, Le Moustérien du Périgord Noir: quoi de neuf ?. In: Les sociétés du Paléolithique dans un Grand Sud-ouest de la France: nouveaux gisements, nouveaux résultats, nouvelles méthodes (Jaubert, J., Bordes, J.-G., & Ortega, I., Eds.), Société préhistorique française, Paris: p. 83-93. (in French) (Mousterian of Périgord Noir: What’s new?”)
Turq, A., Roebroeks, W., Bourguignon, L., & Faivre, J.P. 2013, The fragmented character of Middle Palaeolithic stone tool technology. Journal of Human Evolution, 65: 641-655. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.07.014
Vallverdú, J., Allué, A., Bischoff, J.L., Cáceres, I., Carbonell, E., Cebrià, A., García-Antón, D., Huguet, R., Ibáñez, N., Martínez, K., Pastó, I., Rosell, J., Saladié, P., & Vaquero, M. 2005, Short human occupations in the Middle Palaeolithic level I of the Abric Romaní rock-shelter. Journal of Human Evolution, 48: 157-174. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.10.004
Vallverdú, J., Alonso, S., Bargalló, A., Bartrolí, R., Campeny, G., Carrancho, A., Expósito, I., Fontanals, M., Gabucio, J., Gómez, B., Prats, J.M., Sañudo, P., Solé, A., Vilalta, J., & Carbonell, E. 2012, Combustion structures of archaeological level O and mousterian activity areas with use of fire at the Abric Romaní rockshelter (NE Iberian Peninsula). Quaternary International, 247: 313-324. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.12.012
Vaquero, M. 2008, The history of stones: behavioural inferences and temporal resolution of an archaeological assemblage from the Middle Palaeolithic. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35: 3178-3185. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2008.07.006
Vaquero, M., Allué, E., Bischoff, J.L., Burjachs, F., & Vallverdú Poch, J. 2013, Environmental, depositional, and cultural changes in the Upper Pleistocene and Early Holocene: the Cinglera del Capelló sequence (Capellades, Spain). Quaternaire, 24: 49-64. doi:10.4000/quaternaire.6481
Vaquero, M., Bargalló, A., Chacón, M.G., Romagnoli, F., & Sañudo, P. 2015, Lithic recycling in a Middle Paleolithic expedient context: evidence from the Abric Romaní (Capellades, Spain). Quaternary International, 361: 212-228. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.05.055
Vaquero, M., Chacón, G., García-Antón, G., & Gómez De Soler, B. 2008, Variabilidad de los conjuntos en el Paleolítico Medio del Abric Romaní (Capellades, Barcelona). Treballs d’Arqueologia, 14: 195-212. (in Spanish) (“Variability of lithic assemblages in Middle Palaeolithic at Abric Romaní (Capellades, Barcelona)”)
Villaverde, V., Eixea, A., Rios, J., & Zilhão, J. 2012, Importancia y valoración de la producción microlevallois en los niveles II y III del Abrigo de la Quebrada (Chelva, Valencia). Zephyrus, 70: 13-32. (in Spanish) (“The importance and valorisation of micro-Levallois production in layers II and III at Abrigo de la Quebrada”)
Wallace, I.J., & Shea, J.J. 2006, Mobility patterns and core technologies in the Middle Paleolithic of the Levant. Journal of Archaeological Science, 33: 1293-1309. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2006.01.005
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This is an Open Access journal. All material is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence, unless otherwise stated.
Please read our Open Access, Copyright and Permissions policies for more information.