Reconnaissance a new Palaeolithic site at Al-Huwaidy in Ha’il region, northwest Saudi Arabia
Keywords:
Acheulean; lithics; Arabia; Ha’il; bifaces; basalt; Large Cutting Tools (LCT)
Abstract
Ha’il region in northwest Saudi Arabia is characterized by the presence of oases, flat plains, Paleo-lakes, and lava fields, which are some of the main landscape characteristics in which Palaeolithic sites have been found in the region. It is located on one of the routes of early hominin dispersal across Arabia. The ongoing archaeological research made by the Paleodeserts and Disperse projects have recorded several Acheulean and Middle Palaeolithic sites in such localities as Jubbah basin in the Nefud desert (Groucutt et al. 2021; Petraglia et al. 2015; 2019), yet large parts of the region are still unexplored.
The ground archaeological survey conducted by the authors at Al-Huwaidy village, 70 km southwest of Ha’il town, has led to the discovery of a unique Palaeolithic site on the margin of a palaeo-oasis, close to a volcanic mountain. The archaeological site consists of an agglomeration spread of lithics covering an area of basaltic field and outcrops. Numerous handaxes have been documented on the surface and the profiles of current water canal shafts. The site setting and the quantity and quality of lithics from Large Cutting Tools (LCT), including typical handaxes, foliate handaxes, Acheulean cores and flakes, indicate that the site represents a new and interesting extension of Palaeolithic archaeology in the northwest of Arabia similar to Palaeolithic characteristics in the Jubbah basin. Thus, this discovery has a direct relevance in assessing the distribution of Palaeolithic sites in the Ha’il region, showing that they not only occur in the northern area (Nefud desert), but also in the different landscape (basaltic lava field) in the southern part of the region.
References
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Inglis, R., Sinclair, A., Shuttleworth, A., Alsharekh, A., Devès, M., Al Ghamdi, S., Meredith-Williams, M & Bailey, G. 2014, Investigating the Palaeolithic landscapes and archaeology of the Jizan and Asir regions, south-western Saudi Arabia. In Proceedings of the seminar for Arabian studies (44): 193-211. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/43782911
Jennings, R. P., Shipton, C., Al-Omari, A., Alsharekh, A. M., Crassard, R., Groucutt, H., & Petraglia, M. D. 2013, Rock art landscapes beside the Jubbah palaeolake, Saudi Arabia. Antiquity, 87(337): 666-683. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00049383
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Nassr, A., & Elhassan, A. 2020, New discovery of Acheulean large cutting stone tools agglomeration in Faid Depression south of Nefud Desert, Saudi Arabia. Adumatu, 41: 7-16.
Petraglia, M. D 2003, The Lower Paleolithic of the Arabian Peninsula: occupations, adaptations, and dispersals. Journal of World Prehistory, 17(2): 141-179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025849206519
Petraglia, M. D., & Rose, J. I. 2009 (Eds.) The evolution of human populations in Arabia. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 312. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2719-1
Petraglia, M. D., Drake, N., & Alsharekh, A. 2010, Acheulean Landscapes and Large Cutting Tools Assemblages in the Arabian Peninsula. In: The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia (Petraglia, M. & Rose, J. eds). Springer, Dordrecht: p. 103-116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2719-1_8
Petraglia, M. D., Parton, A., Groucutt, H. S., & Alsharekh, A. 2015, Green Arabia: Human prehistory at the crossroads of continents. Quaternary International, 382: 1-7. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.05.071
Petraglia, M. D., Breeze, P. S., & Groucutt, H. S. 2019, Blue Arabia, Green Arabia: Examining Human Colonisation and Dispersal Models. In: Geological Setting, Palaeoenvironment and Archaeology of the Red Sea (Rasul, N., & Stewart I., Eds), Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019: p. 675-683. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99408-6_30
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Scerri, E. M., Breeze, P. S., Parton, A., Groucutt, H. S., White, T. S., Stimpson, C., Clark-Balzan, L., Jennings, R., Alsharekh, A & Petraglia, M. D. 2015, Middle to Late Pleistocene human habitation in the western Nefud desert, Saudi Arabia. Quaternary International, 382: 200-214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.09.036
Scerri, E. M., Shipton, C., Clark-Balzan, L., Frouin, M., Schwenninger, J. L., Groucutt, H.S., Breeze, P.S., Parton, A., Blinkhorn, J., Drake, N.A., Jennings, R., Cuthbertson, P., Al-Omari, A., Alsharekh, A.M. & Petraglia, M. D. 2018, The expansion of later Acheulean hominins into the Arabian Peninsula. Scientific Reports, 8(17165): 1-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35242-5
Scerri, E. M., Frouin, M., Breeze, P. S., Armitage, S.J., Candy, I., Groucutt, H.S., Drake, N., Parton, A., White, T.S., Alsharekh, A.M. & Petraglia, M. D. 2021, The expansion of Acheulean hominins into the Nefud Desert of Arabia. Scientific reports, 11(10111): 1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89489-6
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Shipton, C., Blinkhorn, J., Breeze, P. S., Cuthbertson, P., Drake, N., Groucutt, H. S., Jennings, R. P., Parton, A., Scerri, E. M. L., Alsharekh, A., & Petraglia, M. D. 2018, Acheulean technology and landscape use at Dawadmi, central Arabia. PloS one, 13(9): 1-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203488
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Stewart, M., Clark-Wilson, R., Breeze, P. S., Janulis, K., Candy, I., Armitage, S. J., Ryves, D. B., Louys, J., Duval, M., Price, G. J., Cuthbertson, P., Bernal, M.A., Drake, N.A., Alsharekh, A.M., Zahrani, B., Al-Omari, A., Roberts, P., Groucutt, H.S & Petraglia, M. D. 2020, Human footprints provide snapshot of last interglacial ecology in the Arabian interior. Science advances, 6(38): 1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba8940
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Bailey, G. N., Devès, M. H., Inglis, R. H., Meredith-Williams, M. G., Momber, G., Sakellariou, D., Sinclair, A., Al Ghamdi, S & Alsharekh, A. M. 2015, Blue Arabia: Palaeolithic and underwater survey in SW Saudi Arabia and the role of coasts in Pleistocene dispersals. Quaternary International, 382: 42-57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.01.002
Breeze, P. S., Drake, N. A., Groucutt, H. S., Parton, A., Jennings, R. P., White, T. S., Clark-Balzan, L., Shipton, C., Scerri, E., Stimpson, C. M., Grassard, R., Hilbert, Y., Alsharekh, A., Al-Omari, A & Petraglia, M. D. 2015, Remote sensing and GIS techniques for reconstructing Arabian palaeohydrology and identifying archaeological sites. Quaternary International, 382: 98-119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.01.022
Breeze, P. S., Groucutt, H. S., Drake, N. A., Louys, J., Scerri, E. M., Armitage, S. J., Zalmout, L. S. A., Memesh, A. M., Haptari, M. A., Soubhi, S. A., Matari, A. H., Zahir, M., AlOmari, A., Alsharekh, A & Petraglia, M. D. 2017, Prehistory and palaeoenvironments of the western Nefud Desert, Saudi Arabia. Archaeological Research in Asia, 10: 1-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ara.2017.02.002
Groucutt, H. S., Breeze, P., Drake, N. A., Jennings, R., Parton, A., White, T., Shipton, C., Clark-Balzan, L., Al-Omari, A., Cuthbertson, P., Wedage, O. M. C., Bernal, M. A., Alsharekh, A & Petraglia, M. D. 2016, The Middle Palaeolithic of the Nejd, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Field Archaeology, 41(2): 131-147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2016.1156928
Groucutt, H.S., Scerri, E.M., Amor, K., Shipton, C., Jennings, R.P., Parton, A., Clark-Balzan, L., Alsharekh, A. & Petraglia, M.D. 2017, Middle Palaeolithic raw material procurement and early stage reduction at Jubbah, Saudi Arabia. Archaeological Research in Asia, 9: 44-62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ara.2017.01.003
Groucutt, H. S., Grün, R., Zalmout, I. A., Drake, N. A., Armitage, S. J., Candy, I., Clark-Wilson, R., Louys, J., Breeze, P. S., Duval, M., Buck. L. T., Kivell, T. L., Pomeroy, E., Stephens, N. B., Stock, J. T., Stewart, M., Price, G. J., Kinsley, L., Sung, W. W., Alsharekh, A., Al-Omari, A., Zahir, M., Memesh, A. M., Abdulshakoor, A. J., Al-Masari, A. M., Bahameen, A. A., Al-Murayyi, K. M. S. Zahrani, B., Scerri, E. L. M & Petraglia, M. D. 2018, Homo sapiens in Arabia by 85,000 years ago. Nature ecology & evolution, 2(5): 800-809. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0518-2
Groucutt, H. S., White, T. S., Scerri, E. M., Andrieux, E., Clark-Wilson, R., Breeze, P. S., Armitage, S. J., Stewart, M., Drake, N., Louys, J., Price, G. J., Duval, M., Parton, A., Candy, I., Christopher Carleton, W., Shipton, C., Jennings, R, P., Zahir, M., Blinkhorn, J., Blockley, S., Al-Omari, A., Alsharekh, A, M & Petraglia, M. D. 2021, Multiple hominin dispersals into Southwest Asia over the past 400,000 years. Nature 597: 376-380. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03863-y
Hereher, M. E., Al-Shammari, A. M., & Abd Allah, S. E. 2012, Land cover classification of Hail-Saudi Arabia using remote sensing. International Journal of Geosciences, 3(02): 349-356. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2012.32038
Inglis, R., Sinclair, A., Shuttleworth, A., Alsharekh, A., Devès, M., Al Ghamdi, S., Meredith-Williams, M & Bailey, G. 2014, Investigating the Palaeolithic landscapes and archaeology of the Jizan and Asir regions, south-western Saudi Arabia. In Proceedings of the seminar for Arabian studies (44): 193-211. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/43782911
Jennings, R. P., Shipton, C., Al-Omari, A., Alsharekh, A. M., Crassard, R., Groucutt, H., & Petraglia, M. D. 2013, Rock art landscapes beside the Jubbah palaeolake, Saudi Arabia. Antiquity, 87(337): 666-683. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00049383
Jennings, R. P., Shipton, C., Breeze, P., Cuthbertson, P., Bernal, M. A., Wedage, W. O., Drake, N. A., White, T. S., Groucutt, H. S., Paton, A., Clark-Balzan, L., Stimpson, C., Omari, A., Alsharekh, A & Petraglia, M. D. 2015, Multi-scale Acheulean landscape survey in the Arabian Desert. Quaternary International, 382: 58-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.01.028
Jennings, R. P., Parton, A., Clark‐Balzan, L., White, T. S., Groucutt, H. S., Breeze, P. S., Parker, A. G., Drake, N. A & Petraglia, M. D. 2016, Human occupation of the northern Arabian interior during early Marine Isotope Stage 3. Journal of Quaternary Science, 31(8): 953-966. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2920
Miller, C. H., Showail, A. A., Kane, M. F., Khoja, I. A., & Al Ghandi, S. A. 1989, A gravity survey of parts of Quadrangles 26E, 26F, 27E, and 27F, Northeastern Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, p. 22. URL: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0333/report.pdf
Nassr, A., & Elhassan, A. 2020, New discovery of Acheulean large cutting stone tools agglomeration in Faid Depression south of Nefud Desert, Saudi Arabia. Adumatu, 41: 7-16.
Petraglia, M. D 2003, The Lower Paleolithic of the Arabian Peninsula: occupations, adaptations, and dispersals. Journal of World Prehistory, 17(2): 141-179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025849206519
Petraglia, M. D., & Rose, J. I. 2009 (Eds.) The evolution of human populations in Arabia. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 312. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2719-1
Petraglia, M. D., Drake, N., & Alsharekh, A. 2010, Acheulean Landscapes and Large Cutting Tools Assemblages in the Arabian Peninsula. In: The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia (Petraglia, M. & Rose, J. eds). Springer, Dordrecht: p. 103-116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2719-1_8
Petraglia, M. D., Parton, A., Groucutt, H. S., & Alsharekh, A. 2015, Green Arabia: Human prehistory at the crossroads of continents. Quaternary International, 382: 1-7. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.05.071
Petraglia, M. D., Breeze, P. S., & Groucutt, H. S. 2019, Blue Arabia, Green Arabia: Examining Human Colonisation and Dispersal Models. In: Geological Setting, Palaeoenvironment and Archaeology of the Red Sea (Rasul, N., & Stewart I., Eds), Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019: p. 675-683. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99408-6_30
Powers, R. W., Ramirez, L. F., Redmond, C. D., & Elberg, E. L. 1966, Geology of the Arabian Peninsula, Sedimentary Geology of Saudi Arabia. U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 560-D. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, p. 147.
Roberts, P., Stewart, M., Alagaili, A. N., Breeze, P., Candy, I., Drake, N., Groucutt, H. S., Scerri, E. M. L., Lee-Thorp, J., Louys, J., Zalmout, I. S., Al-Mufarreh, Y. S. A., Zech, J., Alsharekh, A. M., Al-Omari, A., Boivin, N., & Petraglia, M. 2018, Fossil herbivore stable isotopes reveal middle Pleistocene hominin palaeoenvironment in ‘Green Arabia’. Nature ecology & evolution, 2(12): 1871-1878. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0698-9
Scerri, E. M., Breeze, P. S., Parton, A., Groucutt, H. S., White, T. S., Stimpson, C., Clark-Balzan, L., Jennings, R., Alsharekh, A & Petraglia, M. D. 2015, Middle to Late Pleistocene human habitation in the western Nefud desert, Saudi Arabia. Quaternary International, 382: 200-214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.09.036
Scerri, E. M., Shipton, C., Clark-Balzan, L., Frouin, M., Schwenninger, J. L., Groucutt, H.S., Breeze, P.S., Parton, A., Blinkhorn, J., Drake, N.A., Jennings, R., Cuthbertson, P., Al-Omari, A., Alsharekh, A.M. & Petraglia, M. D. 2018, The expansion of later Acheulean hominins into the Arabian Peninsula. Scientific Reports, 8(17165): 1-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35242-5
Scerri, E. M., Frouin, M., Breeze, P. S., Armitage, S.J., Candy, I., Groucutt, H.S., Drake, N., Parton, A., White, T.S., Alsharekh, A.M. & Petraglia, M. D. 2021, The expansion of Acheulean hominins into the Nefud Desert of Arabia. Scientific reports, 11(10111): 1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89489-6
Shipton, C., Parton, A., Breeze, P., Jennings, R., Groucutt, H.S., White, T.S., Drake, N., Crassard, R., Alsharekh, A., Petraglia, M.D. 2014, Large flake Acheulean in the Nefud Desert of northern Arabia. PaleoAnthropology, Paleoanthropology Society, 2014: 446-462. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4207/PA.2014.ART85
Shipton, C., Blinkhorn, J., Breeze, P. S., Cuthbertson, P., Drake, N., Groucutt, H. S., Jennings, R. P., Parton, A., Scerri, E. M. L., Alsharekh, A., & Petraglia, M. D. 2018, Acheulean technology and landscape use at Dawadmi, central Arabia. PloS one, 13(9): 1-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203488
Sinclair, A., Inglis, R. H., Shuttleworth, A., Foulds, F., & Alsharekh, A. 2019, Landscape Archaeology, Palaeolithic Survey and Coastal Change Along the Southern Red Sea of Saudi Arabia. In: Geological Setting, Palaeoenvironment and Archaeology of the Red Sea (Rasul, N. & Stewart, I. Eds), Springer, Cham: p. 533-552. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99408-6_24
Stewart, M., Clark-Wilson, R., Breeze, P. S., Janulis, K., Candy, I., Armitage, S. J., Ryves, D. B., Louys, J., Duval, M., Price, G. J., Cuthbertson, P., Bernal, M.A., Drake, N.A., Alsharekh, A.M., Zahrani, B., Al-Omari, A., Roberts, P., Groucutt, H.S & Petraglia, M. D. 2020, Human footprints provide snapshot of last interglacial ecology in the Arabian interior. Science advances, 6(38): 1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba8940
Published
08-Dec-2022
How to Cite
Nassr, A., al-Hajj, M., Tueaiman, A., & Elhassan, A. (2022). Reconnaissance a new Palaeolithic site at Al-Huwaidy in Ha’il region, northwest Saudi Arabia. Journal of Lithic Studies, 9(1), 14 p. https://doi.org/10.2218/jls.6550
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