Evaluating rudimentary prehistoric stone artifacts from the American southwest and Mexico
Keywords:
American Southwest; Mexico; prehistoric agricultural implements; lithic technology; subsistence system technology.
Abstract
The goals and background of this study are presented. A sample of rudimentary artifacts, recovered through survey and excavation from contexts in the American Southwest and southern Mexico, were physically examined to verify or reject their assumed validity as tools and their use in agricultural activities. Macroscopic and microscopic examinations were undertaken on these often overlooked and misidentified artifacts to ascertain evidence of human manufacture and use-wear. The results of the study indicate the specimens represent three general form categories of tools that have uses related to excavation and earth moving. To augment this evidence, information was gathered regarding find contexts, historic records, and from relevant literature. The geographic find locations and contexts of the artifacts, as well as their temporal placement, and likely group affiliations, are then discussed. Evidence indicates that, although probably used for other purposes, these minimally-retouched, hand-held, digging and earth moving tools were used in the preparation and maintenance of agricultural fields and irrigation canals, and functioned to support the subsistence system from ca. 400-1450 CE. These implements evidently also held social and ceremonial values and functions. The rudimentary nature of these tools is often found not to be commensurate with the sophisticated complexity of the associated agricultural infrastructure. Initial, very tentative, hypotheses are presented for this incongruity.
References
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Kurota, A. & Dello-Russo, R., (Eds.), 2020, White Sands National Monument Archaeology: Survey of Lake Lucero Site (LA 21162) and Huntington Pueblo (LA 14820), Doña Ana County, New Mexico. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 478 p.
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Lascaux, A. & Montgomery, B. K. 2006, The Clark Site: A Farming Community in the Duncan Valley from 800 B.C.E. to CE 1450, Tierra Archaeological Report 2005-94 Vol. 1. Tierra Right of Way Services Ltd., Tucson, 362 p.
Lister, R. H. 1964, Contributions to Mesa Verde Archaeology: I. Site 499, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, University of Colorado Studies, Series in Anthropology Vol. 9. University of Colorado Press, Boulder, 91 p.
MacNeish, R. S., Nelken-Turner, A & Johnson, I. 1967, Artifacts for Other Purposes. In: The Prehistory of the Tehuacan Valley, Vol. 2: The Non-Ceramic Artifacts (Byers, D. S., Ed.), University of Texas Press, Austin: p. 122-137.
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Martin, P. S. & Rinaldo, J. 1950, Turkey Foot Ridge Site: A Mogollon Village, Pine Lawn Valley, Western New Mexico. Fieldiana: Anthropological Series, 38(2): 237-396. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2952
Martin, P.S., Rinaldo, J. & Barter, E. 1957, Late Mogollon Communities: Four Sites of the Tularosa Phase, Western New Mexico. Fieldiana: Anthropological Series, 49(1): 1-144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2933
Merrill, W.L., Hard, R.J., Mabry, J.B., Fritz, G. J., Adams, K. R., Roney, J. R. & MacWilliams. A. C. 2009, The diffusion of maize to the southwestern United States and its impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(50): 21019-21026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0906075106
Milner, G.R., Hammerstedt, S.W. & French, K.D. 2010. Chert hoes as digging tools. Antiquity, 84(323): 103-113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00099798
Morris, E.H. 1919, The Aztec Ruin. Anthropological Papers of American Museum of Natural History, 26(1): 1-108. URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2246/157
Neely, J.A. 1993, Stone Hoes from the Bason Land Exchange. In: La Cuchilla de Piedra: The Cultural Resources of the Bason Land Exchange, Los Alamos, New Mexico (Peterson, J.A. & Nightengale, C.B., Eds.), Archaeological Research Inc. Press, Austin: p. 221 230.
Neely, J.A. 1995, Mogollon/Western Pueblo Soil and Water Control Systems of the Reserve Phase: New Data from West-Central New Mexico. In: Soil, Water, Biology, and Belief in Southwestern Prehistoric and Traditional Agriculture (Toll, H. W., Ed.), New Mexico Archaeological Council, Special Publication Vol. 2, Albuquerque: p. 239-262.
Neely, J.A. 2014, Prehistoric Agricultural Strategies in the Safford Basin, Southeastern Arizona. In: Between Mimbres and Hohokam: Exploring the Archaeology and History of Southeastern Arizona and Southwestern New Mexico (Wallace, H. D., Ed.), Archaeology Southwest Anthropological Papers Vol. 52, Arizona Lithographers, Tucson: p. 401-432. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48512/XCV8448098
Neely, J.A. 2017, The Marijilda, Rincon, Graveyard Wash Drainage Survey Project: Prehistoric Habitation and Agricultural/Hydraulic Engineering in the Safford Basin of Southeastern Arizona. Arizona State Museum and the Coronado National Forest, Tucson, 110 p.
Neely, J.A. & Lancaster, D. 2019, The Bajada Canals of the Safford Basin, Southeastern Arizona: Excellence in Prehistoric Engineering. Journal of Field Archaeology, 44(1): 52-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2018.1557029
Neely, J.A., Aiuvalasit, M.J. & Clause, V.A. 2015, New Light on the Prehistoric Purrón Dam Complex, Tehuacán Valley, Puebla, Mexico. Journal of Field Archaeology, 40(3): 347 364. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/2042458215Y.0000000010
Olson, A.P. 1959, An Evaluation of the Phase Concept as Applied to the Eleventh and Twelfth Century Occupations at Point of Pines, East-Central Arizona. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, 524 p.
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Published
15-Mar-2022
How to Cite
Neely, J., & Tomka, S. (2022). Evaluating rudimentary prehistoric stone artifacts from the American southwest and Mexico. Journal of Lithic Studies, 9(1), 32 p. https://doi.org/10.2218/jls.4332
Section
Research Articles
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