Preliminary analysis of the Late Natufian ground stone from Shubayqa 1, Jordan
Keywords:
ground stone tools, mortars, Late Natufian, Shubayqa 1, Jordan
Abstract
Shubayqa 1 is a newly identified early and late Natufian site in the harra desert of northeastern Jordan. In addition to buildings, and rich chipped stone, faunal, and botanical assemblages, the site has produced a large collection of ground stone tools. This paper presents the result of a preliminary study of the ground stone artefacts associated with the late Natufian phase. Results indicate that while the assemblage is overall very similar to other Natufian sites in the Mediterranean zone, there are also some notable differences. Although grinding rather than pounding tools appear to be more important at the site, many tools were seemingly involved in both grinding and pounding activities. We hypothesize that this dual function could be explained by the processing of rhizome tubers, which were found in abundance at the site, and which may have represented an important food source for the inhabitants. In addition, we argue that the relationship between ground stone tools and cereal processing has been overemphasized and the processing of other plant food resources, in this case tubers could have been equally significant. While the processing of plant foods was one function, many tools are also associated with pigment stains, suggesting that they were involved in the processing of non-vegetal matter.
References
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Bar-Yosef, O., & Belfer-Cohen, A. 2000, Early sedentism in the Near East: a bumpy ride to village life. In: Life in Neolithic Farming Communities. Social Organization, Identity, and Differentiation. (Kuijt, I., Ed.), Kluwer Academic, New York: p. 19-62. doi:10.1007/0-306-47166-3_2
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Belfer-Cohen, A., & Hovers, E. 2005, The ground stone assemblages of the Natufian and Neolithic societies in the Levant - a brief review. Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society, 35: 299-308.
Betts, A.V.G. 1991, The late Epipalaeolithic in the Black Desert, eastern Jordan. In: The Natufian Culture in the Levant. (Bar-Yosef, O., & Valla, F.R. Eds.), Ann Arbor: p. 217-234.
Betts, A.V.G. 1998, The Harra and the Hamad. Excavations and Surveys in Eastern Jordan. Vol. 1. Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield, 252 p.
Betts, A.V., & Helms, S.W. 1991, Excavations at Jawa 1972-1986: Stratigraphy, Pottery and Other Finds. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 397 p.
Byrd, B.F. 1989, The Natufian: settlement variability and economic adaptations in the Levant at the end of the Pleistocene. Journal of World Prehistory, 3(2): 159-197. doi:10.1007/BF00975760
Close, A. 1989, Report on site E-78-3: a deeply stratified sequence of Early Kubbaniyan occupations. In: The Prehistory of Wadi Kubbaniya. Vol. 3, (Close, A., Ed.), Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas: p. 375-469.
Dubreuil, L. 2004, Long-term trends in Natufian subsistence: a use-wear analysis of ground-stone tools. Journal of Archaeological Science, 31(11): 1613-1629. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2004.04.003
Dubreuil, L., & Grosman L. 2009, Ochre and hide-working at a Natufian burial place. Antiquity, 83(322): 935-954. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00099269
Dubreuil, L., & Grosman L. 2013, The life history of macrolithic tools at Hilazon Tachtit Cave. In: Natufian Foragers in the Levant - Terminal Pleistocene Social Changes in Western Asia. (Bar-Yosef, O., & Valla, F.R., Eds.), International Monographs in Prehistory. Ann Arbor, Michigan: p. 527-543.
Edwards, P.C. 2013, Wadi Hammeh 27, an early Natufian settlement at Pella in Jordan. Culture and History of the Near East Vol. 59. Brill, Leiden/Boston, 437 p. doi:10.1163/9789004236103
Eitam, D. 2009, Late Epipalaeolithic rock-cut installations and groundstone tools in the Southern Levant. Paléorient, 35(1): 77-104. doi:10.3406/paleo.2009.5279
Eitam, D., Kislev, M., Kaarty, A., & Bar-Yosef, O. 2015, Experimental barley flour production in 12,500-Year-old rock-cut mortars in Southwestern Asia. PLoSONE, 10(7): e0133306. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133306
Garrard, A.N., Byrd, B.F., Harvey, P., & Hivernel, F. 1985, Prehistoric Environment and Settlement in the Azraq Basin. A Report on the 1982 Survey Season, Levant, 17(1): 1-28. doi:10.1179/007589185790212105
Garrard, A.N. 1991, Natufian settlement in the Azraq Basin, eastern Jordan. In: The Natufian Culture in the Levant. (Bar-Yosef, O., & Valla, F.R., Eds.), International Monographs in Prehistory. Ann Arbor, p. 235-244.
Garrard, A.N. 1998, Environment and cultural adaptations in the Azraq Basin: 24,000 - 7,000 B.P. In: The Prehistory of Jordan. (Henry, D.O., Ed.), British Archaeological Reports International Series Vol. 705. Archaeopress, Oxford: p. 139-148.
Garrard, A.N., Baird, D., & Byrd, B.F. 1994, The chronological basis and significance of the late Palaeolithic and Neolithic sequence in the Azraq Basin, Jordan. In: Late Quarternary Chronology and Paleoclimates of the Eastern Mediterranean. (Bar-Yosef, O., & Kra, R.S. Eds.), Radiocarbon, Ann Arbor: p. 177-199.
Garrard, A.N., Betts, A., Byrd, B.F., Colledge, S., & Hunt, C. 1988, Summary of the palaeoenvironmental and prehistoric investigations in the Azraq Basin. In: The Prehistory of Jordan. The State of Research in 1986. (Garrard, A.N., & Gebel, H.G., Eds.), British Archaeological Reports International Series Vol. 396. Archaeopress, Oxford: p. 311-337.
Garrard, A.N., & Byrd, B.F. 1992, New dimensions to the Epipalaeolithic of the Wadi el-Jilat in central Jordan. Paléorient, 18(1): 47-62. doi:10.3406/paleo.1992.4562
Garrard, A.N., & Byrd, B.F. 2013, Beyond the Fertile Crescent: Late Palaeolithic and Neolithic communities of the Jordanian steppe. The Azraq Basin Project Volume 1: Project background and the Late Palaeolithic (geological context and technology). Levant Supplementary Series Vol. 13. Oxbow, Oxford, 448 p.
Garrard, A.N., Price, S., & Copeland, L. 1977, A survey of prehistoric sites in the Azraq Basin of eastern Jordan. Paléorient, 3(1): 109-126. doi:10.3406/paleo.1975.4192
Hardy, K., Brand-Miller, J., Brown, K. D., Thomas, M. G., & Copeland, L. 2015, The Importance of Dietary Carbohydrate in Human Evolution. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 90(3), 251–268. doi:10.1086/682587
Henry, D.O. 2013, The Natufian and the Younger Dryas. In: Natufian Foragers in the Levant. Terminal Pleistocene Social Changes in Western Asia. (Bar-Yosef, O., & Valla, F.R., Eds.), International Monographs in Prehistory. Ann Arbor, Michigan: p. 584-610.
Hillman, G.C. 2000, The plant food economy of Abu Hureyra 1 and 2. In: Village on the Euphrates From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra. (Moore, A.M.T., Hillman, G.C., & Legge, A.J., Eds.), Oxford University Press, Oxford: p. 327-398.
Hillman , G.C., Madeyska, E., & Hather, J. 1989, Wild plant foods and diet at Late Paleolithic Wadi Kubbaniya: evidence from the charred remains. In: The Prehistory of Wadi Kubbaniya. Vol. 2, (Close, A., Ed.), Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas: p. 162-242.
Kraybill, N. 1977, Pre-agricultural tools for the preparation of foods in the Old World. In: Origins of Agriculture. (Reed, C., Ed.), Mouton, The Hague: p. 485-522.
Maher, L.A., Richter, T., & Stock, J.T. 2012, The Pre-Natufian Epipaleolithic: long-term behavioral trends in the Levant. Evolutionary Anthropology, 21(2): 69-81. doi:10.1002/evan.21307
Moore, A.M.T. 2000, Stone and other artefacts. In: Village on the Euphrates From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra. (Moore, A.M.T., Hillman, G.C., & Legge, A.J., Eds.), Oxford University Press, Oxford: p. 165-186.
Olszewski, D. 2004, Plant food subsistence issues and scientific inquiry in the Early Natufian. In: The Last Hunter-Gatherer Societies in the Near East. (Delage, C., Ed.), British Archaeological Reports International Series Vol. 1320. John and Erica Hedges Ltd, Oxford: p. 189-209.
Perrot, J. 1966, Le gisement Natoufien de Mallaha (Eynan), Israël. L’Anthropologie, 70(5-6): 437-484.
Peterson, J. 1999, Early Epipaleolithic settlement patterns : Insights from the study of ground-stone tools from the southern Levant. Levant, 31(1): 1-17. doi:10.1179/007589199790217204
Power, R. C., Rosen A. M. & Nadel, D. 2014, The economic and ritual utilization of plants at the Raqefet Cave Natufian site: The evidence from phytoliths. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 33: 49–65. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2013.11.002
Richter, T., Arranz Otaegui, A., House, M., Rafaiah, A., & Yeomans, L. 2014, Preliminary report on the second season of excavation at Shubayqa 1. Neo-Lithics, 14: 3-10.
Richter, T., Bode, L., House, M., Iversen, R., Arranz, A., Saehle, I., Thaarup, G., Tvede, M.-L., & Yeomans, L. 2012, Excavations at the Late Epipalaeolithic site of Shubayqa 1: preliminary report on the first season. Neo-Lithics, 12: 3-14.
Richter, T., & Maher, L.A. 2013, The Late Epipalaeolithic in the Azraq Basin: a reappraisal. In: Natufian Foragers in the Levant. Terminal Pleistocene Social Changes in Western Asia. (Bar-Yosef, O., & Valla, F.R. Eds.), International Monographs in Prehistory. Ann Arbor, Michigan: p. 429-448.
Rivera, D., Matilla, G., Obon, C. & Alcaraz, F. 2011, Plants and Humans in the Near East and the Caucasus. Ancient Traditional Uses of Plants as Food, and Medicine. An Ethnobotanical Diachronic Review. Vol. 1. Servicio de publicaciones Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, 341 p.
Rollefson, G.O., Quintero, L., & Wilke, P. 1999, Bawwab al-Ghazal: preliminary report on the testing season 1998. Neo-Lithics, 1: 2-4.
Rosen, S.A. 1991, Paradigms and politics in the Terminal Pleistocene archaeology of the Levant. In: Perspectives on the Past: Theoretical Biases in Mediterranean Hunter-Gatherer Research. (Clark, G.A., Ed.), University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia: p. 307-321.
Rosenberg, D., & Gopher, A. 2010, Food processing tools and other ground stone implements from Gilgal I and Gilgal III. In: Gilgal Early Neolithic Occupations in the Lower Jordan Valley: The Excavations of Tamar Noy. (Bar-Yosef, O., Goring-Morris, A.N., & Gopher, A., Eds.), Oxbow Books, Oxford and Oakville: p. 139-175.
Rosenberg, D. & Nadel, D. 2014, The sounds of pounding: boulder mortars and their significance to Natufian burial customs. Current Anthropology, 55(6): 784-812. doi:10.1086/679287
Roubet, C. 1989, The grinding stones of site E-78-3, Wadi Kubbaniya. In: The Prehistory of Wadi Kubbaniya. Vol. 3, (Roubet, C., Ed.), Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas: p. 473-489.
Terradas, X., Ibáñez, J.J., Braemer, F., Hardy, K., Iriarte, E., Madella, M., Ortega, D., Radini, A., & Teira, J.C. 2013, Natufian bedrock mortars at Qarassa 3: preliminary results from an interdisciplinary methodology. In: Stone Tools in Transition: From Hunter-Gatherers to Farming Societies in the Near East. (Borrell, F., Ibáñez, J.J., & Molist, M., Eds.), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona: p. 441-456.
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Published
31-Oct-2016
How to Cite
Pedersen, P., Richter, T., & Arranz-Otaegui, A. (2016). Preliminary analysis of the Late Natufian ground stone from Shubayqa 1, Jordan. Journal of Lithic Studies, 3(3), 379-402. https://doi.org/10.2218/jls.v3i3.1647
Issue
Section
Presented at the 1st Meeting of the Association for Ground Stone Tools Research
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