The organization of basanite bifacial production at Giv’at Kipod Quarry, Israel: Towards an ‘Alyawara Day’ model of extraction
Keywords:
ground stone tools, bifacials, basanite, Neolithic, quarry, Giv‛at Kipod, Southern Levant
Abstract
Hunter gatherers as well as farmers used a variety of lithic raw materials to shape their world, in which some were perceived as having symbolic or mythical content. While the anthropological literature demonstrates that the extraction of raw materials of special significance was often performed differently from that of other more 'ordinary' raw materials, identifying this in the archaeological record is difficult. In this paper we wish to shed new light on this topic using the Late Neolithic-Early Chalcolithic basanite bifacial tool production site of Giv‛at Kipod, Israel. In the southern Levant basalt axes and adzes have long been understood to embody greater symbolic content than the flint axes and adzes that dominate the Neolithic and Chalcolithic bifacial assemblages. By comparing the results from our excavations at the site of Giv‛at Kipod to other production and extraction sites we exhibit how the organization of production was different than that related to the more common flint extraction in the region. While at most production and extractions sites the manufacture of various types of items is documented and the presence of tools, especially ad hoc tools, indicates that a variety of activities were performed at the locale of extraction, in the case of Giv‛at Kipod the production was focused solely on the manufacture of bifacials with a marked lack of evidence of other significant activities. We attempt to provide guidelines to characterize different exploitation patterns between raw materials of varied social significance using these differences.
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Ebeling, J., & Rosenberg, D. 2016, A basalt vessel workshop at Iron Age Hazor - Its context, products and implications. Journal of Field Archaeology, 40(6): 665-674. doi:10.1080/00934690.2015.1101941
Ekshtain, R., Brazilai, O., Inbar, M., Milvesky, I., & Ullman, M. 2012, Givat Rabi East, a new Middle Paleolithic knapping site in the Lower Galilee (Israel). Paléorient, 37(2): 107-122. doi:10.3406/paleo.2011.5426
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Gilead, I., Marder, O., Khalaily, H., Fabian, P., Abadi, Y., & Yisrael, Y. 2004, The Beit Eshel Chalcolithic flint workshop in Beer Sheva: A preliminary report. Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society, 34: 245-263.
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Published
31-Oct-2016
How to Cite
Shimelmitz, R., & Rosenberg, D. (2016). The organization of basanite bifacial production at Giv’at Kipod Quarry, Israel: Towards an ‘Alyawara Day’ model of extraction. Journal of Lithic Studies, 3(3), 499-521. https://doi.org/10.2218/jls.v3i3.1643
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Section
Presented at the 1st Meeting of the Association for Ground Stone Tools Research
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