The ground stone components of drills in the ancient Near East: Sockets, flywheels, cobble weights, and drill bits
Keywords:
bow drill, pump drill, crank drill, flywheel, Near East, ground stone tools
Abstract
Three types of drills are known from antiquity: the bow drill, the pump drill and the crank drill. Each type often included ground stone components - sockets, weights and flywheels. However, these components are inconspicuous; on their own they are almost never associated with drills. The result is that the drill is nearly invisible in many assemblages, particularly those of the proto-historic and historic periods, from the Chalcolithic through to late antiquity. In this article I focus on the identification of the possible ground stone components of each of these drill types. The means by which these components were attached or applied to the drill shaft is examined and the way that they related to the rotary motion of drills is laid out. I briefly discuss the historical development of each type, referencing more detailed studies, where available. This study should be seen as a prelude to a more comprehensive study that will test hypotheses by means of experiment and catalogue more completely and precisely the ground stone components of drills that have been unidentified or misidentified in archaeological contexts.
References
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Gorelick, L., & Gwinnett, A.J. 1987, A history of drills and drilling. New York State Dental Journal, 53: 35-39.
Grossman, L., & Goren-Inbar, N. 2007, “Taming” rocks and changing landscapes: a new interpretation of Neolithic cupmarks. Current Anthropology, 48(5): 732-740. doi:10.1086/520966
Gwinnett, A.J., & Gorelick, L. 1987, The change from stone drills to copper drills in Mesopotamia, an experimental perspective. Expedition, 29(3): 15-24. URL: http://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/pdfs/29-3/gwinnett.pdf
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Hartenberg, R.S., & Schmidt, J.Jr. 1969, The Egyptian drill and the origin of the crank. Technology and Culture, 10: 155-165. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3101475
Holland, T.A. 1983, Appendix M. Stone mace-heads. In: Excavations at Jericho, Volume Five, The Pottery Phases of the Tell and Other Finds, (Kenyon, K.M. & Holland, T.A., Eds.), Council for British Research in the Levant, London: p. 485-575.
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Hranicky, W.J. 2011, Material Culture from Prehistoric Virginia, Vol. 2, AuthorHouse, Bloomington, 548 p.
Ilan, D., Ben-Ari, N., & Levitte, D. 2012, Chapter 6 - The ground stone objects. NGSBA Archaeology, Vol. 1 (Salvage Excavations at Yesodot (Khirbet Umm el-Kalkha), the Middle and Late Bronze Age Settlement (Govrin, Y., Ben-Ari, N., & Ilan, D., Eds.): 63-68.
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Mazar, A., & Panitz-Cohen, N. 2001, Timnah (Tel Batash) II, the Finds from the First Millennium BCE, Qedem Vol. 42. Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 355 p.
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Milevski, I., Vardi, J., Gilead, I., Eirikh-Rose, A., Birkenfeld, M., Mienis, H.K., & Kolska Horwitz, L. 2013, Excavations at Horbat ‘Illit B: a Chalcolithic (Ghassulian) site in the Haelah Valley. Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society, 43: 73-147.
Moholy-Nagy, H. 1983, Jarmo artifacts of pecked and ground stone and of shell. In: Prehistoric Archaeology along the Zagros Flanks (Braidwood, L.S., Braidwood, R.J., Howe, B., Reed, C.A., & Watson, P.J., Eds.), Oriental Institute Publications Vol. 105, Chicago: p. 289-346.
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Parker, A.C. 1968, Parker on the Iroquois, Syracuse University Press, New York, 472 p.
Petrie, W.M.F. 1884, On the mechanical methods of the ancient Egyptians. Journal of Anthropological Institute, 13: 88-109.
Petrie, W.M.F. 1902, Abydos, Vol. 1, London, Offices of the Egypt Exploration Fund, London, 259 p.
Petrie, W.M.F. 1917, Tools and Weapons. British School of Archaeology in Egypt, Constable & Co Ltd., London, 71 p.
Petrie, W.M.F., Mackay, E., & Wainwright. G. 1910, Meydum and Memphis, Vol 3. British School of Archaeology in Egypt and Egyptian Research Account, London, 162 p.
Quibell, J.E. & Green, F.W. 1900 (reprinted 2009), Hierakonpolis, B. Quaritch, London, 108 p.
Quibell, J.E. & Hayter, A.G.K. 1927, Excavations at Saqqara: Teti Pyramid, North Side, Institut Francais d’Archeologie Orientale, Cairo, London, 44 p.
Quibell, J.E., & Petrie, W.M.F. 1895, Naqada and Ballas, British School of Archaeology in Egypt, London, 272 p.
Rosen, S.A. 1997, Lithics After the Stone Age - A Handbook of Stone Tools from the Levant, Altamira Press, Walnut Creek, 184 p.
Rosenberg, D., & Garfinkel, Y. 2014, Sha'ar Hagolan 4: The Ground stone Industry: Stone Working at the Dawn of Pottery Production in the Southern Levant. Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 336 p.
Rowan, Y.M, Levy, T.E., Alon, D., & Kansa, E. 2006. Gilat’s ground stone assemblage: stone fenestrated stands, bowls, palettes and related artifacts. In: Archaeology, Anthropology and Cult – the Sanctuary at Gilat, Israel (Levy, T.E., Ed.), Routledge, London: p. 575-684.
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Rowe, A. 1931, Excavations at Medum. The Museum Journal, 22: 3-84.
Saraydar, S.C. 2012, The Egyptian drill: a unique dual-mode device. Ethnoarchaeology, 4(1): 37-52.
Sass, B. 2004a, Pre-Bronze Age and Bronze Age artefacts. In: The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973-1994), Vol. 4, (Ussishkin, D., Ed.), Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology Monograph Series Vol. 22, Tel Aviv: p. 1450-1524.
Sass, B. 2004b, Iron Age and Post-Iron Age artefacts. In: The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973-1994), Vol. 4, (Ussishkin, D., Ed.), Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology Monograph Series Vol. 22, Tel Aviv: p. 1983-2057.
Sass, B. & Cinamon, G. 2006, The small finds. In: Megiddo IV: The 1998-2002 Seasons, Vol. 1, (Finkelstein, I., Ussishkin, D., & Halpern, B., Eds.), Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology Monograph Series Vol. 24, Tel Aviv: p. 353-425.
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Stocks, D. 2003, Experiments in Egyptian Archaeology: Stoneworking technology in Ancient Egypt. Routledge, London, 296 p.
Tavares, S. 2009, Small finds, big results: inconspicuous stones a key to an ancient industry. Aeragram, 9(2): 4-5. URL: http://www.aeraweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/Aeragram-9-2.pdf
Wilkinson, J.G. 1878, The Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians. Vol. 1, John Murray, London, p. 464. URL: https://archive.org/details/mannerscustomsof01wilk_1
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Published
31-Oct-2016
How to Cite
Ilan, D. (2016). The ground stone components of drills in the ancient Near East: Sockets, flywheels, cobble weights, and drill bits. Journal of Lithic Studies, 3(3), 261-277. https://doi.org/10.2218/jls.v3i3.1642
Issue
Section
Presented at the 1st Meeting of the Association for Ground Stone Tools Research
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