Lipid residues preserved in sheltered bedrock features at Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument, New Mexico
Keywords:
ground stone, bedrock mortars, cupules, Gila Cliff Dwellings, GC/MS, lipid analysis
Abstract
[Research Article]
Bedrock features represent various economic, social, and symbolic aspects of past societies, but have historically received little study, particularly in North America. Fortunately, new techniques for analyzing spatial configurations, use-wear, and organic residues are beginning to unlock more of the interpretive potential of these features. Though preliminary in nature, the present study contributes to this trend by documenting an application of lipid analysis to bedrock features in a dry rockshelter. Results of this initial application indicate that bedrock features in dry rockshelters may provide especially favorable conditions for the preservation and interpretation of ancient organic residues. Abundant lipids, comparable to concentrations present in some pottery sherds, were extracted from a bedrock grinding surface at Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Though the lipids were highly oxidized, degradation products indicative of former unsaturated fatty acids were retained. Comparisons to experimentally aged residues, and absence of a known biomarker for maize, indicate that the bulk of the lipids preserved in the milling surface probably derive from processing an oily nut or seed resource, and not from processing maize. Substantially lower amounts of lipids were recovered from a small, blackened cupule. It is hypothesized that some portion of the lipids in the blackened cupule was deposited from condensed smoke of cooking and heating fires in the caves. Potential for the preservation of organic residues in similar sheltered bedrock contexts is discussed, and a practical method for sampling bedrock features in the field is described.
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Craig, O.E., Love, G.D., Isaksson, S., Taylor, G., & Snape, C.E. 2004, Stable carbon isotopic characterisation of free and bound constituents of archaeological ceramic vessels released by solvent extraction, alkaline hydrolysis and catalytic hydropyrolysis. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 71: 613-634. doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2003.09.001
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Dubreuil, L., & Savage, D. 2013, Ground stones: a synthesis of the use-wear approach. Journal of Archaeological Science, 48: 139-153. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2013.06.023
Dubreuil, L., Savage, D., Delgado-Raack, S., Plisson, H., Stephenson, B., & de la Torre, I. 2015, Current analytical frameworks for studies of use-wear on ground stone tools. In: Use-Wear and Residue Analysis in Archaeology, (Marreios, J.M., Gibaja Bao, J.F., & Ferreira, N., Eds.), Manuals in Archaeological Method, Theory, and Technique. Springer International, Switzerland, p. 105-157. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08257-8_7
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Duwe, S. 2011. The Prehispanic Tewa World: Space, Time, and Becoming in the Pueblo Southwest. Ph.D Dissertation at the School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, 690 p.
Eerkens, J.W. 2005, GC-MS analysis of fatty acid ratios of archaeological potsherds from the western Great Basin of North America. Archaeometry, 47(1): 83-102. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2005.00189.x
Eitam, D. 2009, Late Epipalaeolithic rock-cut installations and groundstone tools in the southern Levant. Paleorient, 35(1): 75-104. doi:10.3406/paleo.2009.5279
Evershed, R.P. 1993, Biomolecular archaeology and lipids. World Archaeology, 25(1): 74-93. doi:10.1080/00438243.1993.9980229
Evershed, R.P. 2008a, Experimental approaches to the interpretation of absorbed organic residues in archaeological ceramics. World Archaeology, 40(1): 26-47. doi:10.1080/00438240801889373
Evershed, R.P. 2008b, Organic residue analysis in archaeology: the archaeological biomarker revolution. Archaeometry, 50(6): 895-924. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2008.00446.x
Evershed, R.P., Heron, C., Charters, S., & Goad, L.J. 1992, The survival of food residues: new methods of analysis, interpretation and application. Proceedings of the British Academy, 77: 187-208. URL: http://www.britac.ac.uk/pubs/proc/files/77p187.pdf
Fowler, C.S. 1976, The processing of ricegrass by Great Basin Indians. Mentzelia, 2: 2-4.
Gilreath, A. 2007, Rock art in the golden state: pictographs, petroglyphs, portable and panoramic. In: California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture Change, and Complexity, (Jones, T.L., & Klar, K.A., Eds.), Alta Mira Press, Lanham, Maryland: p. 273-290.
Gunstone, F. 1999, Fatty Acid and Lipid Chemistry. Aspen Publishers, Inc., Maryland, 252 p.
Hansel, F.A., Copley, M.S., Madureira, L.A.S., & Evershed, R.P. 2004, Thermally produced ω-(o-alkylphenyl) alkanoic acids provide evidence for the processing of marine products in archaeological pottery vessels. Tetrahedron Letters, 45: 2999-3002. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.01.111
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Published
31-Oct-2016
How to Cite
Buonasera, T. (2016). Lipid residues preserved in sheltered bedrock features at Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument, New Mexico. Journal of Lithic Studies, 3(3), 78-101. https://doi.org/10.2218/jls.v3i3.1304
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Section
Presented at the 1st Meeting of the Association for Ground Stone Tools Research
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