Armorican arrowhead biographies: Production and function of an Early Bronze Age prestige good from Brittany (France)

  • Clément Nicolas UMR 8215 Trajectoires, Maison de l’Archéologie et de l’Ethnologie
  • Colas Guéret Equipe Ethnologie préhistorique, UMR 7041 ArScAn
Keywords: Armorican arrowhead, flint, Britanny, France, Early Bronze Age, technology, use-wear analysis

Abstract


Brittany can pride itself on the Armorican arrowheads found in Early Bronze Age graves (2150-1700 BC). In the present state of knowledge, these are the only specialized craft products in knapped flint produced in this region at the western edge of continental Europe. Admired since the 19th century, these flint arrowheads have never really been studied. Due to the wealth of graves and grave-goods, a relatively precise study can be undertaken of the development of these craft products, despite the low number of reliable radiocarbon dates.

These arrowheads are characterized by a well-defined type (pointed tang and oblique barbs) most often combined with ogival form. Raw materials show the selection of a high quality yellow translucent flint, of which the origin has to be sought at more than 400 kilometers (Lower Turonian flint from Cher Valley). From a technical point of view, Armorican arrowheads reveal a great mastery of retouch by pressure-flaking. This skill is written in stone by the perfection of forms, the extreme thinness (until 2,5 mm thick) and very long barbs (until 25 mm long). Such work could not have been done without the use of copper, even bronze, awls. Moreover, some marks may testify to the implication of these tools. On 549 arrowheads that have reached to us, none of them presents diagnostical impact features. However, use-wear analysis indicates that most of them were hafted (adhesive traces, bright spots, blunt edges). These facts suggest that they are less functional arrowheads than objects for the show. In the graves, Armorican arrowheads are frequently set down carefully in wooden boxes taking the shaft off.

The Armorican arrowheads with their exotic raw materials, their high-degree of technicality, and their absence of use, have all features of a prestige good. They have been discovered by dozens in few graves under barrows with very rich funeral items (bronze daggers decorated with golden pins, precious bracers, silver beakers, etc.). According to these obvious facts, they symbolize the power of the elites. The genesis of Armorican arrowheads are in all likelihood explained by a climate of increasing social competition, which express itself in Brittany by an individualization of burial rites, a development of metalworking and a reorganization of territories.

In this article, we will stress on raw materials selection, technology and know-how, as well as use-wear analyses. All these approaches will help us to trace the biographies of the Armorican arrowheads.

References

Apel, J. 2001, Daggers, knowledge and power: The social aspects of flint-dagger technology in Scandinavia 2350-1500 cal BC, Department of Archaeology and ancient History, Uppsala, 365 p.
Apel, J. 2008 - Knowledge, Know-How and Raw Material - The Production of Late Neolithic Flint Daggers in Scandinavia, Journal of archaeological Method and Theory, 15, 1: 91-111. doi:10.1007/s 108 16-007-9044-2
Aubry, T. 1991, L'exploitation des ressources en matières premières lithiques dans les gisements solutréens et badegouliens du bassin versant de la Creuse, France, PhD thesis, University of Bordeaux I, Bordeaux, 327 p. (in French) ("Exploitation of lithic raw materials in Solutrean and Badegoulian deposits of the Creuse drainage basin, France")
Bailly, M. 2014, Discordance des temps, concordance des espaces ? Remarques sur les armatures de flèches en contexte campaniforme. De l’Arc jurassien à l’Isthme européen, in R.-M. Arbogast, A., Greffier-Richard (eds.), Entre archéologie et écologie, une Préhistoire de tous les milieux. Mélanges offerts à Pierre Pétrequin. Annales Littéraires de l’Université de Franche-Comté 928, série « Environnement, sociétés et archéologie » 18, Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté, Besançon: 355-385. (in French) ("Discordance of times, concordance of spaces? Remarks on arrowheads in Bell Beaker context. From the Jura to European Isthmus")
Bertrand, A. 1891, Nos origines, la Gaule avant les Gaulois, d’après les monuments et les textes, éd. Ernest Leroux, Paris, 349 p. (in French) ("Our origins, Gaul before the Gauls, according to the monuments and texts")
Blanchet, S. 2005, La tombe du Bronze ancien de Crec’h Perros à Perros Guirec, 22 : les premiers résultats, Bulletin de l’Association pour la Promotion des Recherches sur l'Âge du Bronze, 2: 27-29. (in French) ("The Early Bronze Age grave of Crec’h Perros at Perros Guirec, Côtes-d’Armor : first results")
Briard, J. 1970, Un tumulus du Bronze ancien : Kernonen en Plouvorn (Finistère), L’Anthropologie, 74: 5-56. (in French) ("An Early Bronze Age barrow: Kernonen at Plouvorn (Finistère)")
Briard, J. 1978, Das Silbergefäss von Saint-Adrien, Côtes-du-Nord, Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt, 8: 13-20. (in German) ("The silver beaker from Saint-Adrien, Côtes-du-Nord")
Briard, J. 1984, Les tumulus d’Armorique, L’Âge du Bronze en France 3, Picard, Paris, 304 p. (in French) ("The barrows of Armorica")
Briard, J., & Giot, P.-R. 1956, Typologie et chronologie du Bronze ancien et du Premier Bronze moyen en Bretagne, Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, 53(7-8): 363-373. (in French) ("Typology and chronology of the Early and Middle Bronze Age in Brittany") doi:10.3406/bspf.1956.3348
Briard, J., Cabillic, A., Marguet, A., & Onnée, Y. 1982, Les fouilles de Kersandy à Plouhinec (Finistère) : une tombe du Bronze Ancien à « déesse-mère » néolithique, Bulletin de la Société archéologique du Finistère, 110: 17-39. (in French) ("The Kersandy excavations at Plouhinec (Finistère): an Early Bronze Age grave with Neolithic « Mother Goddess »")
Butler, J.J. 1990, Bronze Age Metal and Amber in the Netherlands, Palaeohistoria, 32: 47-110.
Cattelain, P. 2006, Apparition et évolution de l’arc et des pointes de flèches dans la Préhistoire européenne (Paléo-, Méso-, Néolithique), In: Catene operative dell’arco preistorico, Atti dell’incontro di archeologia sperimentale, Fiavè - S. Lorenzo in Banale 30/31 agosto – 1 settembre 2002 (Bellintani, P., & Cavulli, F., eds.), Giunta della Provincia Autonoma di Trento, Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici, Trento: 45-66. (in French) ("Appearance and evolution of bows and arrows during European Prehistory")
du Chatellier, P. 1880, Exploration du tumulus du Kerhué-Bras en Plonéour-Lanvern, Matériaux pour l’Histoire primitive et naturelle de l’Homme, 2(11): 289-298. (in French) ("Exploration of the Kerhué-Bras barrow at Plonéour-Lanvern") Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41735485
Costin, C.L. 1991, Craft Specialization: Issues in Defining, Documenting, and Explaining the Organization of Production, In: Archaeological Method and Theory (Schiffer, M.B., ed.), the University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 3: 1-56.
Druart, C. 2010, Production and function of stone arrowheads in the Mycenaean civilization: A techno-morphological and functional approach, In: Lithic technology in metal using societies, Proceedings of a UISPP Workshop, Lisbon, September 2006 (Eriksen, B.V., ed.), Jutland archaeological Society Publications 67, Jutland archaeological Society Højbjerg: 143-155.
Fouéré, P. 1994, Les industries en silex entre Néolithique moyen et Campaniforme dans le nord du Bassin Aquitain : Approche méthodologique, implications culturelles de l'économie des matières premières et du débitage, PhD thesis, University of Bordeaux 1, Bordeaux, 2 vol., 551 p. (in French) ("Flint industries between the Middle Neolithic and the Bell Beaker in the northern part of the Aquitaine basin : methodological approach, cultural implication of raw materials and débitage economy")
du Gardin, C. 1996, L’ambre en France au Bronze Ancien : données nouvelles, In: Cultures et Sociétés du Bronze Ancien en Europe, Actes du 117e Congrès national des Sociétés historiques et scientifiques, Clermont-Ferrand, 1992 (Mordant, C., & Gaiffe, O., eds.), éd. du Comité des Travaux historiques et scientifiques, Paris: 189-195. (in French) ("Amber in France during the Early Bronze Age: new data")
Giot, P.-R., Briard, J., & Pape, L. 1995, Protohistoire de la Bretagne, éd. Ouest-France, Rennes, 422 p. (in French) ("Protohistory of Brittany")
Hafner, A., & Suter, P.J. 2003, Vom Endneolithikum zur Frühbronzezeit : Wandel und Kontinuität zwischen 2400 und 1550 v. Chr., Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt, 33(3): 325-344. (in German) ("From the Final Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age: change and continuity between 2400 and 1550 BC")
Inizan, M.-L., Tixier, J. 2000, L'émergence des arts du feu : le traitement thermique des roches siliceuses, Paléorient, 26, 2: 23-36. (in French) ("Emergence of the arts of fire : the heat treatment of siliceous rocks") doi:10.3406/paleo.2000.4707
Kardulias, P.N. 2007, Flaked Stone and the Role of the Palaces in the Mycenaen World System, In: Rethinking Mycenaean Palaces II, revised and expanded second edition (Galaty, M.L., & Parkinson, W.A., eds.), University of California Monograph 60, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, Los Angeles: 102-113.
Keeley, L. H. 1980, Experimental determination of stones tool uses: a microwear analysis, University of Chicago, Chicago, 212 p.
Le Goffic, M. 1995, Le caveau de l'âge du bronze de Kerfichaux en Lannilis (Finistère), Bulletin de la Société archéologique du Finistère, 124: 35-53. (in French) ("The Bronze Age burial of Kerfrichaux, Lannilis (Finistère)")
Le Goffic, M., Nallier, R. 2008, Fouille d’un caveau du Bronze ancien à Lannilis (Finistère), Journée du « CreAAH » : Archéologie, Archéosciences, Histoire, Rennes, 24 Mai 2008, University of Rennes 1, Rennes: 41-43. (in French) ("Excavation of an Early Bronze Age grave at Lannilis (Finistère)")
Le Pontois, L. 1890, Le tumulus de Cruguel en Guidel, Revue archéologique, 16: 304-338. (in French) ("The Cruguel barrow at Guidel")
Lukis, J.W. 1886, An account of the opening of a tumulus of the Bronze Age period, etc., in the department of Finistère, France, 1884, Transactions of the Cardiff Naturalists’ Society, 18: 12-16.
Marchand, G. 2012, Différences de potentiel géologique entre massifs cristallins et bassins sédimentaires, In: Roches et sociétés de la Préhistoire entre Massifs cristallins et Bassins sédimentaire (Marchand, G., & Querré, G., eds.), Presses universitaires de Rennes (Coll. Archéologie & Culture), Rennes: 9-28. (in French) ("Differences of geological potential between crystalline massifs and sedimentary basins")
Martin, A. 1904, Fouille du tumulus du Rumédon en Ploumiliau, Côtes-du-Nord, Bulletin de la Société archéologique du Finistère, 31: 128-154. (in French) ("Excavation of the Rumédon barrow at Ploumiliau, Côtes-du-Nord")
Martin, A., & Berthelot du Chesnay, C. 1899, Exploration du tumulus de Tossen-Maharit, commune de Trévérec, Bulletin de la Société d’Émulation des Côtes-du-Nord, 37: 5-36. (in French) ("Investigations into the Tossen-Maharit barrow at Trévérec").
Martin, A., & Prigent 1907, Le Mouden-Bras en Pleudaniel, Bulletin de la Société archéologique du Finistère, 34: 146-178. (in French) ("The Mouden-Bras at Pleudaniel")
Masson, A. 1981, Pétroarchéologie des roches siliceuses. Intérêt en Préhistoire, PhD thesis, University of Lyon 1, 90 p. (in French) ("Petroarchaeology of siliceous rocks. Interest in Prehistory)
Ménez, Y., Hinguant, S., (2010) - Fouilles et découvertes en Bretagne, Ouest-France, Rennes, 143 p. (in French) ("Excavations and discoveries in Brittany").
Needham, S. 2000, Power Pulses Across a Cultural Divide: Cosmologically Driven Acquisition Between Armorica and Wessex, Proceedings of the prehistoric Society, 66: 151-207.
Needham, S. 2009, Encompassing the Sea: ‘Maritories’ and Bronze Age maritime interactions, In: Bronze Age Connections: Cultural Contact in Prehistoric Europe (Clark, P., ed.), Oxbow Books, Oxford: 12-37.
Needham, S., Lawson, A.J., & Woodward, A. 2010, 'A Noble Group of Barrows': Bush Barrow and the Normanton Down Early Bronze Age Cemetery Two Centuries on, The Antiquaries Journal, 90: 1-39.
Nicolas, C. with contributions of Pailler, Y., Stephan, P., Denis, S., Quillivic, M., Kergourlay, A. and the collaboration of Masei, I., Ripoche, J. 2010, Programme de prospections « Bronze ancien », rapport n° 2: Rapport de prospection thématique à Plounévez-Lochrist, Saint-Vougay et leurs environs (29), Opération n° 2010-211, autorisation préfectorale du 17 février 2010, Service régional de l’Archéologie, Rennes, 129 p. (in French) ("Bronze Age field survey program, report no. 2: report on field survey in Plounévez-Lochrist, Saint-Vougay and their surroundings, Finistère, Operation no. 2010-211, prefectoral authorisation of the 24th February 2010")
Nicolas, C. 2011a, Artisanats spécialisés et inégalités sociales à l’aube de la métallurgie : les pointes de flèches de type armoricain dans le nord du Finistère, Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, 108(1): 93-125. (in French) ("Specialized crafts and social inequality at the dawn of metallurgy : arrowheads of Armorican type in the northern Finistère")
Nicolas, C. with contributions of Gandois, H., Kergourlay, A., Le Carlier, C., Pailler, Y., Stephan, P. and the collaboration of Javel, J.-B., Quillivic, M., Verhaeghe, M. 2011b, Programme de prospections « Bronze ancien », rapport n° 3: Rapport de prospection thématique à Lannilis et ses communes environnantes (29), Opération n° 2011-213, autorisation préfectorale du 24 avril 2011, Service régional de l’Archéologie, Rennes, 102 p. (in French) ("Bronze Age field survey program, report no. 3: report on field survey in Lannilis and its surroundings, Finistère, Operation no. 2011-213, prefectoral authorisation of the 24th April 2011")
Nicolas, C. 2012, Des pierres précieuses ? Les pointes de flèches du Campaniforme et de l’âge du Bronze ancien en Bretagne (2500-1700 avant notre ère), In: Roches et sociétés de la Préhistoire entre Massifs cristallins et Bassins sédimentaire (Marchand, G., & Querré, G., eds.), Collection Archéologie & Culture, Presses universitaires de Rennes, Rennes: 205-219. (in French) ("Precious stones ? Bell Beaker and Early Bronze Age arrowheads from Brittany (2500-1700 BC)")
Nicolas, C. 2013, Symboles de pouvoir au temps de Stonehenge : les productions d’armatures de prestige de la Bretagne au Danemark (2500-1700 av. J.-C.), PhD thesis, University of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, 2 vol., 1054 p. (in French) ("Symbols of power at the time of Stonehenge: productions of prestigious arrowheads from Brittany to Denmark (2500-1500 BC)")
Nicolas, C., Pailler, Y., Stephan, P., & Gandois, H. 2013, Les reliques de Lothéa (Quimperlé, Finistère) : une tombe aux connexions atlantiques entre Campaniforme et âge du Bronze ancien, Gallia Préhistoire, 55: 181-227. (in French) ("The relics of Lothéa (Quimperlé, Finistère) : a grave with Atlantic connections between the Bell Beaker and Early Bronze Age")
Pailler, Y., Stephan, P., Gandois, H., Nicolas, C., Sparfel, Y., Tresset, A., Donnart, K., Dréano, Y., Fichaut, B., Suanez, S., Dupont, C., Le Clézio, L., Marcoux, N., Pineau, A., Salanova, L., Sellami, F., Debue, K., Josselin, J., Dietsch-Sellami, M.-F. 2011, Évolution des paysages et occupation humaine en mer d’Iroise (Finistère, Bretagne) du Néolithique à l’âge du Bronze, Norois, 220: 39-68. (in French) ("Landscapes evolution and human settlement in the Iroise sea (Finistère, Brittany) from Neolithic to Bronze Age") doi:10.4000/norois.3662
Parkinson, W.A. 2007, Chipping Away at a Mycenaean Economy : Obsidian Exchange, Linear B, and “Palatial Control” in Late Bronze Age Messenia, In: Rethinking Mycenaean Palaces II, revised and expanded second edition (Galaty, M.L., & Parkinson, W.A., eds.), University of California Monograph 60, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, Los Angeles: 87-101.
Pelegrin, J. 2002, La production des grandes lames de silex du Grand-Pressigny, In: Matériaux, productions, circulations du Néolithique à l'Age du Bronze : séminaire du Collège de France (Guilaine, J., ed.), Errance, Paris: 131-150. (in French) ("Production of long blades made of Grand-Pressigny flint")
Pelegrin, J. 2004, Sur les techniques de retouche des armatures de projectile, In: Les derniers magdaléniens d’Etiolles : perspectives culturelles et paléohistoriques (l’unité d’habitation Q31) (Pigeot, N., ed.), suppl. à Gallia Préhistoire 37, CNRS Editions, Paris: 161-166. (in French) ("About techniques of retouch of projectile points")
Piesker, H. 1937, Funde aus der ältesten Bronzezeit der Heide, Nachrichten aus Niedersachsens Urgeschichte, 10: 120-143. (in German) ("Early Bronze Age finds from the heathland")
Prigent 1880, Exploration du tumulus de Porz-ar-Saoz, en Trémel, Bulletin de la Société d’Émulation des Côtes-du-Nord, 17: 173-194. (in French) ("Investigations into the Porz-ar-Saoz barrow at Trémel")
Prigent 1881, Fouille du grand tumulus de Tossen-Kergourognon en la commune de Prat, Côtes du Nord, Bulletin de la Société d’Émulation des Côtes-du-Nord, 19: 15-31. (in French) ("Excavation of the big barrow of Tossen-Kerougorognon at Prat, Côtes du Nord")
Primault, J. 2003, Exploitation et diffusion des silex de la région du Grand-Pressigny au Paléolithique, PhD thesis, University of Paris X, Nanterre, 362 p. (in French) ("Exploitation and diffusion of the flints from the Grand-Pressigny region during the Palaeolithic")
Procopiou, H. 2006, Artisans et artisanat dans le monde égéen protohistorique : état de la question, Techniques & Culture, 46-47: 303-323. (in French) ("Craftsmen and crafts in the Protohistoric Aegean world")
Rots, V. 2002, Bright spots and the question of hafting, Anthropologica et Praehistorica, 113: 61-72.
Schünemann, D. 1975, Die ältere und die mittlere Bronzezeit im Kreis Verden, Nachrichten aus Niedersachsens Urgeschichte, 44: 35-85. (in German) ("The Early and Middle Bronze Age in the Verden district")
Stafford, M. 2003, The parallel-flaked flint daggers of Late Neolithic Denmark : an experimental perspective, Journal of archaeological Science, 30: 1537–1550. doi:10.1016/S0305-4403(03)00043-8
Vang Petersen, P. 2008, Flint fra Danmarks oldtid, Forlaget Museerne.dk, København, 154 p. (in Danish) ("Flint from prehistoric Denmark")
Voruz, J.-L. 1996, La chronologie absolue du Bronze Ancien, In: Cultures et Sociétés du Bronze Ancien en Europe, Actes du 117e Congrès national des Sociétés historiques et scientifiques, Clermont-Ferrand, 1992 (Mordant, C., & Gaiffe, O., eds.), éd. du Comité des Travaux historiques et scientifiques, Paris: 97-164. (in French) ("Absolute chronology of the Early Bronze Age")
Published
15-Sep-2014
How to Cite
Nicolas, C., & Guéret, C. (2014). Armorican arrowhead biographies: Production and function of an Early Bronze Age prestige good from Brittany (France). Journal of Lithic Studies, 1(2), 101-128. https://doi.org/10.2218/jls.v1i2.1126
Section
Research Articles