IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology CITE
https://doi.org/10.2218/gtopdb/F71/2023.1

Cyclic nucleotide-regulated channels (CNG) in GtoPdb v.2023.1



Elvir Becirovic1, Martin Biel2, Stefanie Fenske2, Verena Hammelmann2, Franz Hofmann3 and U. Benjamin Kaupp4
  1. University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland
  2. Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Germany
  3. Technische Universität München, Germany
  4. Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany


Abstract

Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels are responsible for signalling in the primary sensory cells of the vertebrate visual and olfactory systems. CNG channels are voltage-independent cation channels formed as tetramers. Each subunit has 6TM, with the pore-forming domain between TM5 and TM6. CNG channels were first found in rod photoreceptors [83, 120], where light signals through rhodopsin and transducin to stimulate phosphodiesterase and reduce intracellular cyclic GMP level. This results in a closure of CNG channels and a reduced ‘dark current’. Similar channels were found in the cilia of olfactory neurons [181] and the pineal gland [71]. The cyclic nucleotides bind to a domain in the C terminus of the subunit protein: other channels directly binding cyclic nucleotides include hyperolarisation-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (HCN), ether-a-go-go and certain plant potassium channels.

The HCN channels are cation channels that are activated by hyperpolarisation at voltages negative to ~-50 mV. The cyclic nucleotides cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP directly bind to the cyclic nucleotide-binding domain of HCN channels and shift their activation curves to more positive voltages, thereby enhancing channel activity. HCN channels underlie pacemaker currents found in many excitable cells including cardiac cells and neurons [65, 192]. In native cells, these currents have a variety of names, such as Ih, Iq and If. The four known HCN channels have six transmembrane domains and form tetramers. It is believed that the channels can form heteromers with each other, as has been shown for HCN1 and HCN4 [2]. High resolution structural studies of CNG and HCN channels has provided insight into the the gating processes of these channels [139, 146, 140]. A standardised nomenclature for CNG and HCN channels has been proposed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on voltage-gated ion channels [108].

Contents

This is a citation summary for Cyclic nucleotide-regulated channels (CNG) in the Guide to Pharmacology database (GtoPdb). It exists purely as an adjunct to the database to facilitate the recognition of citations to and from the database by citation analyzers. Readers will almost certainly want to visit the relevant sections of the database which are given here under database links.

GtoPdb is an expert-driven guide to pharmacological targets and the substances that act on them. GtoPdb is a reference work which is most usefully represented as an on-line database. As in any publication this work should be appropriately cited, and the papers it cites should also be recognized. This document provides a citation for the relevant parts of the database, and also provides a reference list for the research cited by those parts. For further details see [42].

Please note that the database version for the citations given in GtoPdb are to the most recent preceding version in which the family or its subfamilies and targets were substantially changed. The links below are to the current version. If you need to consult the cited version, rather than the most recent version, please contact the GtoPdb curators.

Database links

Cyclic nucleotide-regulated channels (CNG)
https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=71
Introduction to Cyclic nucleotide-regulated channels (CNG)
https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/FamilyIntroductionForward?familyId=71
    Channels and Subunits
            CNGA1
            https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=394
            CNGA2
            https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=395
            CNGA3
            https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=396
            CNGA4
            https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=397
            CNGB1
            https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=398
            CNGB3
            https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=399
            HCN1
            https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=400
            HCN2
            https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=401
            HCN3
            https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=402
            HCN4
            https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=403

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