IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology CITE
https://doi.org/10.2218/gtopdb/F74/2021.3

Inwardly rectifying potassium channels (KIR) in GtoPdb v.2021.3



John P. Adelman1, David E. Clapham2, Hiroshi Hibino3, Atsushi Inanobe3, Lily Y. Jan4, Andreas Karschin5, Yoshihiro Kubo6, Yoshihisa Kurachi3, Michel Lazdunski7, Takashi Miki8, Colin G. Nichols9, Lawrence G. Palmer10, Wade L. Pearson9, Henry Sackin11, Susumu Seino8, Paul A. Slesinger12, Stephen Tucker13 and Carol A. Vandenberg14
  1. Oregon Health & Science University, USA
  2. Harvard Medical School, USA
  3. Osaka University, Japan
  4. University of California San Francisco, USA
  5. University of Würzburg, Germany
  6. National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Japan
  7. CNRS Valbonne, France
  8. Kobe University, Japan
  9. Washington University, USA
  10. Weill-Cornell Medical College, USA
  11. Rosalind Franklin University, USA
  12. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA
  13. University of Oxford, UK
  14. University of California Santa Barbara, USA


Abstract

The 2TM domain family of K channels are also known as the inward-rectifier K channel family. This family includes the strong inward-rectifier K channels (Kir2.x) that are constitutively active, the G-protein-activated inward-rectifier K channels (Kir3.x) and the ATP-sensitive K channels (Kir6.x, which combine with sulphonylurea receptors (SUR1-3)). The pore-forming α subunits form tetramers, and heteromeric channels may be formed within subfamilies (e.g. Kir3.2 with Kir3.3).

Contents

This is a citation summary for Inwardly rectifying potassium channels (KIR) in the Guide to Pharmacology database (GtoPdb). It exists purely as an adjunct to the database to facilitate the recognition of citations to and from the database by citation analyzers. Readers will almost certainly want to visit the relevant sections of the database which are given here under database links.

GtoPdb is an expert-driven guide to pharmacological targets and the substances that act on them. GtoPdb is a reference work which is most usefully represented as an on-line database. As in any publication this work should be appropriately cited, and the papers it cites should also be recognized. This document provides a citation for the relevant parts of the database, and also provides a reference list for the research cited by those parts. For further details see [26].

Please note that the database version for the citations given in GtoPdb are to the most recent preceding version in which the family or its subfamilies and targets were substantially changed. The links below are to the current version. If you need to consult the cited version, rather than the most recent version, please contact the GtoPdb curators.

Database links

Inwardly rectifying potassium channels (KIR)
https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=74
Introduction to Inwardly rectifying potassium channels (KIR)
https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/FamilyIntroductionForward?familyId=74
    Channels and Subunits
            Kir1.1
            https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=429
            Kir2.1
            https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=430
            Kir2.2
            https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=431
            Kir2.3
            https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=432
            Kir2.4
            https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=433
            Kir3.1
            https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=434
            Kir3.2
            https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=435
            Kir3.3
            https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=436
            Kir3.4
            https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=437
            Kir4.1
            https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=438
            Kir4.2
            https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=439
            Kir5.1
            https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=440
            Kir6.1
            https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=441
            Kir6.2
            https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=442
            Kir7.1
            https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=443

References

  1. Abraham MR, Jahangir A, Alekseev AE and Terzic A. (1999) Channelopathies of inwardly rectifying potassium channels. FASEB J 13: 1901-10 [PMID:10544173]
  2. Abrams CJ, Davies NW, Shelton PA and Stanfield PR. (1996) The role of a single aspartate residue in ionic selectivity and block of a murine inward rectifier K+ channel Kir2.1. J Physiol (Lond.) 493 ( Pt 3): 643-9 [PMID:8799888]
  3. Adelbrecht C, Murer MG, Lauritzen I, Lesage F, Ladzunski M, Agid Y and Raisman-Vozari R. (1997) An immunocytochemical study of a G-protein-gated inward rectifier K+ channel (GIRK2) in the weaver mouse mesencephalon. Neuroreport 8: 969-74 [PMID:9141074]
  4. Aguado C, Colón J, Ciruela F, Schlaudraff F, Cabañero MJ, Perry C, Watanabe M, Liss B, Wickman K and Luján R. (2008) Cell type-specific subunit composition of G protein-gated potassium channels in the cerebellum. J Neurochem 105: 497-511 [PMID:18088366]
  5. Aguilar-Bryan L, Nichols CG, Wechsler SW, Clement 4th JP, Boyd 3rd AE, González G, Herrera-Sosa H, Nguy K, Bryan J and Nelson DA. (1995) Cloning of the beta cell high-affinity sulfonylurea receptor: a regulator of insulin secretion. Science 268: 423-6 [PMID:7716547]
  6. Alagem N, Dvir M and Reuveny E. (2001) Mechanism of Ba(2+) block of a mouse inwardly rectifying K+ channel: differential contribution by two discrete residues. J Physiol (Lond.) 534: 381-93 [PMID:11454958]
  7. Ambrosini E, Sicca F, Brignone MS, D'Adamo MC, Napolitano C, Servettini I, Moro F, Ruan Y, Guglielmi L and Pieroni S et al.. (2014) Genetically induced dysfunctions of Kir2.1 channels: implications for short QT3 syndrome and autism-epilepsy phenotype. Hum Mol Genet 23: 4875-86 [PMID:24794859]
  8. Ando M and Takeuchi S. (1999) Immunological identification of an inward rectifier K+ channel (Kir4.1) in the intermediate cell (melanocyte) of the cochlear stria vascularis of gerbils and rats. Cell Tissue Res 298: 179-83 [PMID:10555552]
  9. Appleyard SM, Celver J, Pineda V, Kovoor A, Wayman GA and Chavkin C. (1999) Agonist-dependent desensitization of the kappa opioid receptor by G protein receptor kinase and beta-arrestin. J Biol Chem 274: 23802-7 [PMID:10446141]
  10. Aretz CD, Vadukoot AK and Hopkins CR. (2019) Discovery of Small Molecule Renal Outer Medullary Potassium (ROMK) Channel Inhibitors: A Brief History of Medicinal Chemistry Approaches To Develop Novel Diuretic Therapeutics. J Med Chem 62: 8682-8694 [PMID:31034224]
  11. Armstrong A and Clapham DE. (2007) Pharmacology of Cardiac Rhythm. In Principles of pharmacology: the pathophysiologic basis of drug therapy (2nd edition) Edited by Dolan DE, Tashjian AH, Armstrong EJ, Armstrong AW: Lipponcott Williams and Wilkins: 307-324 [ISBN: 0781783550]
  12. Arora D, Hearing M, Haluk DM, Mirkovic K, Fajardo-Serrano A, Wessendorf MW, Watanabe M, Luján R and Wickman K. (2011) Acute cocaine exposure weakens GABA(B) receptor-dependent G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ signaling in dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area. J Neurosci 31: 12251-7 [PMID:21865468]
  13. Aryal P, Dvir H, Choe S and Slesinger PA. (2009) A discrete alcohol pocket involved in GIRK channel activation. Nat Neurosci 12: 988-95 [PMID:19561601]
  14. AstraZeneca. AZD2927.
  15. Balana B, Bahima L, Bodhinathan K, Taura JJ, Taylor NM, Nettleton MY, Ciruela F and Slesinger PA. (2013) Ras-association domain of sorting Nexin 27 is critical for regulating expression of GIRK potassium channels. PLoS ONE 8: e59800 [PMID:23536889]
  16. Balana B, Maslennikov I, Kwiatkowski W, Stern KM, Bahima L, Choe S and Slesinger PA. (2011) Mechanism underlying selective regulation of G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channels by the psychostimulant-sensitive sorting nexin 27. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108: 5831-6 [PMID:21422294]
  17. Barajas-Martínez H, Hu D, Ferrer T, Onetti CG, Wu Y, Burashnikov E, Boyle M, Surman T, Urrutia J and Veltmann C et al.. (2012) Molecular genetic and functional association of Brugada and early repolarization syndromes with S422L missense mutation in KCNJ8. Heart Rhythm 9: 548-55 [PMID:22056721]
  18. Baukrowitz T, Schulte U, Oliver D, Herlitze S, Krauter T, Tucker SJ, Ruppersberg JP and Fakler B. (1998) PIP2 and PIP as determinants for ATP inhibition of KATP channels. Science 282: 1141-4 [PMID:9804555]
  19. Bhave G, Chauder BA, Liu W, Dawson ES, Kadakia R, Nguyen TT, Lewis LM, Meiler J, Weaver CD and Satlin LM et al.. (2011) Development of a selective small-molecule inhibitor of Kir1.1, the renal outer medullary potassium channel. Mol Pharmacol 79: 42-50 [PMID:20926757]
  20. Bockenhauer D, Feather S, Stanescu HC, Bandulik S, Zdebik AA, Reichold M, Tobin J, Lieberer E, Sterner C and Landoure G et al.. (2009) Epilepsy, ataxia, sensorineural deafness, tubulopathy, and KCNJ10 mutations. N Engl J Med 360: 1960-70 [PMID:19420365]
  21. Boim MA, Ho K, Shuck ME, Bienkowski MJ, Block JH, Slightom JL, Yang Y, Brenner BM and Hebert SC. (1995) ROMK inwardly rectifying ATP-sensitive K+ channel. II. Cloning and distribution of alternative forms. Am J Physiol 268: F1132-40 [PMID:7611454]
  22. Bond CT, Pessia M, Xia XM, Lagrutta A, Kavanaugh MP and Adelman JP. (1994) Cloning and expression of a family of inward rectifier potassium channels. Recept Channels 2: 183-91 [PMID:7874445]
  23. Bredt DS, Wang TL, Cohen NA, Guggino WB and Snyder SH. (1995) Cloning and expression of two brain-specific inwardly rectifying potassium channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 6753-7 [PMID:7624316]
  24. Breitwieser GE and Szabo G. (1985) Uncoupling of cardiac muscarinic and beta-adrenergic receptors from ion channels by a guanine nucleotide analogue. Nature 317: 538-40 [PMID:2413368]
  25. Brownstein CA, Towne MC, Luquette LJ, Harris DJ, Marinakis NS, Meinecke P, Kutsche K, Campeau PM, Yu TW and Margulies DM et al.. (2013) Mutation of KCNJ8 in a patient with Cantú syndrome with unique vascular abnormalities - support for the role of K(ATP) channels in this condition. Eur J Med Genet 56: 678-82 [PMID:24176758]
  26. Buneman P, Christie G, Davies JA, Dimitrellou R, Harding SD, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL and Wu Y. (2020) Why data citation isn't working, and what to do about it Database 2020 [PMID:32367113]
  27. Buono RJ, Lohoff FW, Sander T, Sperling MR, O'Connor MJ, Dlugos DJ, Ryan SG, Golden GT, Zhao H, Scattergood TM, Berrettini WH and Ferraro TN. (2004) Association between variation in the human KCNJ10 potassium ion channel gene and seizure susceptibility. Epilepsy Res 58: 175-83 [PMID:15120748]
  28. Béguin P, Nagashima K, Nishimura M, Gonoi T and Seino S. (1999) PKA-mediated phosphorylation of the human K(ATP) channel: separate roles of Kir6.2 and SUR1 subunit phosphorylation. EMBO J 18: 4722-32 [PMID:10469651]
  29. Cader ZM, Noble-Topham S, Dyment DA, Cherny SS, Brown JD, Rice GP and Ebers GC. (2003) Significant linkage to migraine with aura on chromosome 11q24. Hum Mol Genet 12: 2511-7 [PMID:12915447]
  30. Choe H, Sackin H and Palmer LG. (2000) Permeation properties of inward-rectifier potassium channels and their molecular determinants. J Gen Physiol 115: 391-404 [PMID:10736307]
  31. Ciruela F, Fernández-Dueñas V, Sahlholm K, Fernández-Alacid L, Nicolau JC, Watanabe M and Luján R. (2010) Evidence for oligomerization between GABAB receptors and GIRK channels containing the GIRK1 and GIRK3 subunits. Eur J Neurosci 32: 1265-77 [PMID:20846323]
  32. Clancy SM, Fowler CE, Finley M, Suen KF, Arrabit C, Berton F, Kosaza T, Casey PJ and Slesinger PA. (2005) Pertussis-toxin-sensitive Galpha subunits selectively bind to C-terminal domain of neuronal GIRK channels: evidence for a heterotrimeric G-protein-channel complex. Mol Cell Neurosci 28: 375-89 [PMID:15691717]
  33. Cohen NA, Brenman JE, Snyder SH and Bredt DS. (1996) Binding of the inward rectifier K+ channel Kir 2.3 to PSD-95 is regulated by protein kinase A phosphorylation. Neuron 17: 759-67 [PMID:8893032]
  34. Connors NC, Adams ME, Froehner SC and Kofuji P. (2004) The potassium channel Kir4.1 associates with the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex via alpha-syntrophin in glia. J Biol Chem 279: 28387-92 [PMID:15102837]
  35. Cooper PE, Reutter H, Woelfle J, Engels H, Grange DK, van Haaften G, van Bon BW, Hoischen A and Nichols CG. (2014) Cantú syndrome resulting from activating mutation in the KCNJ8 gene. Hum Mutat 35: 809-13 [PMID:24700710]
  36. Corey S and Clapham DE. (1998) Identification of native atrial G-protein-regulated inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK4) channel homomultimers. J Biol Chem 273: 27499-504 [PMID:9765280]
  37. Coulter KL, Périer F, Radeke CM and Vandenberg CA. (1995) Identification and molecular localization of a pH-sensing domain for the inward rectifier potassium channel HIR. Neuron 15: 1157-68 [PMID:7576658]
  38. Cruz HG, Berton F, Sollini M, Blanchet C, Pravetoni M, Wickman K and Lüscher C. (2008) Absence and rescue of morphine withdrawal in GIRK/Kir3 knock-out mice. J Neurosci 28: 4069-77 [PMID:18400906]
  39. Cruz HG, Ivanova T, Lunn ML, Stoffel M, Slesinger PA and Lüscher C. (2004) Bi-directional effects of GABA(B) receptor agonists on the mesolimbic dopamine system. Nat Neurosci 7: 153-9 [PMID:14745451]
  40. D'Adamo MC, Shang L, Imbrici P, Brown SD, Pessia M and Tucker SJ. (2011) Genetic inactivation of Kcnj16 identifies Kir5.1 as an important determinant of neuronal PCO2/pH sensitivity. J Biol Chem 286: 192-8 [PMID:21047793]
  41. Dart C and Leyland ML. (2001) Targeting of an A kinase-anchoring protein, AKAP79, to an inwardly rectifying potassium channel, Kir2.1. J Biol Chem 276: 20499-505 [PMID:11287423]
  42. Dascal N, Lim NF, Schreibmayer W, Wang W, Davidson N and Lester HA. (1993) Expression of an atrial G-protein-activated potassium channel in Xenopus oocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90: 6596-600 [PMID:8341673]
  43. Dascal N, Schreibmayer W, Lim NF, Wang W, Chavkin C, DiMagno L, Labarca C, Kieffer BL, Gaveriaux-Ruff C and Trollinger D et al.. (1993) Atrial G protein-activated K+ channel: expression cloning and molecular properties. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 10235-9 [PMID:8234283]
  44. Day M, Carr DB, Ulrich S, Ilijic E, Tkatch T and Surmeier DJ. (2005) Dendritic excitability of mouse frontal cortex pyramidal neurons is shaped by the interaction among HCN, Kir2, and Kleak channels. J Neurosci 25: 8776-87 [PMID:16177047]
  45. Denton JS, Weaver CD, Lewis LM, Chauder BA and Lindsley CW. (2010) Discovery of a small molecule inhibitor of ROMK and Kir7.1. In Probe Reports from the NIH Molecular Libraries Program National Center for Biotechnology Information (US): [PMID:21433378]
  46. Derst C, Döring F, Preisig-Müller R, Daut J, Karschin A, Jeck N, Weber S, Engel H and Grzeschik KH. (1998) Partial gene structure and assignment to chromosome 2q37 of the human inwardly rectifying K+ channel (Kir7.1) gene (KCNJ13). Genomics 54: 560-3 [PMID:9878260]
  47. Derst C, Karschin C, Wischmeyer E, Hirsch JR, Preisig-Müller R, Rajan S, Engel H, Grzeschik K, Daut J and Karschin A. (2001) Genetic and functional linkage of Kir5.1 and Kir2.1 channel subunits. FEBS Lett 491: 305-11 [PMID:11240146]
  48. Dissmann E, Wischmeyer E, Spauschus A, Pfeil DV, Karschin C and Karschin A. (1996) Functional expression and cellular mRNA localization of a G protein-activated K+ inward rectifier isolated from rat brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 223: 474-9 [PMID:8670306]
  49. Doi T, Fakler B, Schultz JH, Schulte U, Brändle U, Weidemann S, Zenner HP, Lang F and Ruppersberg JP. (1996) Extracellular K+ and intracellular pH allosterically regulate renal Kir1.1 channels. J Biol Chem 271: 17261-6 [PMID:8663367]
  50. Doupnik CA, Davidson N, Lester HA and Kofuji P. (1997) RGS proteins reconstitute the rapid gating kinetics of gbetagamma-activated inwardly rectifying K+ channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 10461-6 [PMID:9294233]
  51. Doyle DA, Morais Cabral J, Pfuetzner RA, Kuo A, Gulbis JM, Cohen SL, Chait BT and MacKinnon R. (1998) The structure of the potassium channel: molecular basis of K+ conduction and selectivity. Science 280: 69-77 [PMID:9525859]
  52. Duprat F, Guillemare E, Romey G, Fink M, Lesage F, Lazdunski M and Honore E. (1995) Susceptibility of cloned K+ channels to reactive oxygen species. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 11796-800 [PMID:8524851]
  53. Döring F, Derst C, Wischmeyer E, Karschin C, Schneggenburger R, Daut J and Karschin A. (1998) The epithelial inward rectifier channel Kir7.1 displays unusual K+ permeation properties. J Neurosci 18: 8625-36 [PMID:9786970]
  54. Edvinsson JM, Shah AJ and Palmer LG. (2011) Potassium-dependent activation of Kir4.2 K⁺ channels. J Physiol (Lond.) 589: 5949-63 [PMID:22025665]
  55. Fakler B, Bond CT, Adelman JP and Ruppersberg JP. (1996) Heterooligomeric assembly of inward-rectifier K+ channels from subunits of different subfamilies: Kir2.1 (IRK1) and Kir4.1 (BIR10). Pflugers Arch 433: 77-83 [PMID:9019734]
  56. Fang Y, Schram G, Romanenko VG, Shi C, Conti L, Vandenberg CA, Davies PF, Nattel S and Levitan I. (2005) Functional expression of Kir2.x in human aortic endothelial cells: the dominant role of Kir2.2. Am J Physiol, Cell Physiol 289: C1134-44 [PMID:15958527]
  57. Felix JP, Liu J, Schmalhofer WA, Bailey T, Bednarek MA, Kinkel S, Weinglass AB, Kohler M, Kaczorowski GJ, Priest BT and Garcia ML. (2006) Characterization of Kir1.1 channels with the use of a radiolabeled derivative of tertiapin. Biochemistry 45: 10129-39 [PMID:16906771]
  58. Fernández-Alacid L, Aguado C, Ciruela F, Martín R, Colón J, Cabañero MJ, Gassmann M, Watanabe M, Shigemoto R and Wickman K et al.. (2009) Subcellular compartment-specific molecular diversity of pre- and post-synaptic GABA-activated GIRK channels in Purkinje cells. J Neurochem 110: 1363-76 [PMID:19558451]
  59. Ferraro TN, Golden GT, Smith GG, Martin JF, Lohoff FW, Gieringer TA, Zamboni D, Schwebel CL, Press DM, Kratzer SO, Zhao H, Berrettini WH and Buono RJ. (2004) Fine mapping of a seizure susceptibility locus on mouse Chromosome 1: nomination of Kcnj10 as a causative gene. Mamm Genome 15: 239-51 [PMID:15112102]
  60. Ferrer J, Nichols CG, Makhina EN, Salkoff L, Bernstein J, Gerhard D, Wasson J, Ramanadham S and Permutt A. (1995) Pancreatic islet cells express a family of inwardly rectifying K+ channel subunits which interact to form G-protein-activated channels. J Biol Chem 270: 26086-91 [PMID:7592809]
  61. Fowler CE, Aryal P, Suen KF and Slesinger PA. (2007) Evidence for association of GABA(B) receptors with Kir3 channels and regulators of G protein signalling (RGS4) proteins. J Physiol (Lond.) 580: 51-65 [PMID:17185339]
  62. Fujita A, Horio Y, Higashi K, Mouri T, Hata F, Takeguchi N and Kurachi Y. (2002) Specific localization of an inwardly rectifying K(+) channel, Kir4.1, at the apical membrane of rat gastric parietal cells; its possible involvement in K(+) recycling for the H(+)-K(+)-pump. J Physiol (Lond.) 540: 85-92 [PMID:11927671]
  63. Fujita S, Inanobe A, Chachin M, Aizawa Y and Kurachi Y. (2000) A regulator of G protein signalling (RGS) protein confers agonist-dependent relaxation gating to a G protein-gated K+ channel. J Physiol (Lond.) 526 Pt 2: 341-7 [PMID:10896722]
  64. Furutani K, Ohno Y, Inanobe A, Hibino H and Kurachi Y. (2009) Mutational and in silico analyses for antidepressant block of astroglial inward-rectifier Kir4.1 channel. Mol Pharmacol 75: 1287-95 [PMID:19264848]
  65. Garcia ML and Kaczorowski GJ. (2014) Targeting the inward-rectifier potassium channel ROMK in cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 15: 1-6 [PMID:24721647]
  66. Garcia ML, Priest BT, Alonso-Galicia M, Zhou X, Felix JP, Brochu RM, Bailey T, Thomas-Fowlkes B, Liu J and Swensen A et al.. (2014) Pharmacologic inhibition of the renal outer medullary potassium channel causes diuresis and natriuresis in the absence of kaliuresis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 348: 153-64 [PMID:24142912]
  67. Giebisch G, Hebert SC and Wang WH. (2003) New aspects of renal potassium transport. Pflugers Arch 446: 289-97 [PMID:12684792]
  68. Gilliam D, O'Brien DP, Coates JR, Johnson GS, Johnson GC, Mhlanga-Mutangadura T, Hansen L, Taylor JF and Schnabel RD. (2014) A homozygous KCNJ10 mutation in Jack Russell Terriers and related breeds with spinocerebellar ataxia with myokymia, seizures, or both. J Vet Intern Med 28: 871-7 [PMID:24708069]
  69. Gloyn AL, Pearson ER, Antcliff JF, Proks P, Bruining GJ, Slingerland AS, Howard N, Srinivasan S, Silva JM and Molnes J et al.. (2004) Activating mutations in the gene encoding the ATP-sensitive potassium-channel subunit Kir6.2 and permanent neonatal diabetes. N Engl J Med 350: 1838-49 [PMID:15115830]
  70. Gloyn AL, Weedon MN, Owen KR, Turner MJ, Knight BA, Hitman G, Walker M, Levy JC, Sampson M and Halford S et al.. (2003) Large-scale association studies of variants in genes encoding the pancreatic beta-cell KATP channel subunits Kir6.2 (KCNJ11) and SUR1 (ABCC8) confirm that the KCNJ11 E23K variant is associated with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 52: 568-72 [PMID:12540637]
  71. Hagiwara S and Takahashi K. (1974) The anomalous rectification and cation selectivity of the membrane of a starfish egg cell. J Membr Biol 18: 61-80 [PMID:4854650]
  72. Hampton C, Zhou X, Priest BT, Pai LY, Felix JP, Thomas-Fowlkes B, Liu J, Kohler M, Xiao J and Corona A et al.. (2016) The Renal Outer Medullary Potassium Channel Inhibitor, MK-7145, Lowers Blood Pressure, and Manifests Features of Bartter's Syndrome Type II Phenotype. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 359: 194-206 [PMID:27432892]
  73. Hani EH, Boutin P, Durand E, Inoue H, Permutt MA, Velho G and Froguel P. (1998) Missense mutations in the pancreatic islet beta cell inwardly rectifying K+ channel gene (KIR6.2/BIR): a meta-analysis suggests a role in the polygenic basis of Type II diabetes mellitus in Caucasians. Diabetologia 41: 1511-5 [PMID:9867219]
  74. Hansen SB, Tao X and MacKinnon R. (2011) Structural basis of PIP2 activation of the classical inward rectifier K+ channel Kir2.2. Nature 477: 495-8 [PMID:21874019]
  75. Hattori T, Makiyama T, Akao M, Ehara E, Ohno S, Iguchi M, Nishio Y, Sasaki K, Itoh H and Yokode M et al.. (2012) A novel gain-of-function KCNJ2 mutation associated with short-QT syndrome impairs inward rectification of Kir2.1 currents. Cardiovasc Res 93: 666-73 [PMID:22155372]
  76. Hearing M, Kotecki L, Marron Fernandez de Velasco E, Fajardo-Serrano A, Chung HJ, Luján R and Wickman K. (2013) Repeated cocaine weakens GABA(B)-Girk signaling in layer 5/6 pyramidal neurons in the prelimbic cortex. Neuron 80: 159-70 [PMID:24094109]
  77. Hedin KE, Lim NF and Clapham DE. (1996) Cloning of a Xenopus laevis inwardly rectifying K+ channel subunit that permits GIRK1 expression of IKACh currents in oocytes. Neuron 16: 423-9 [PMID:8789957]
  78. Hejtmancik JF, Jiao X, Li A, Sergeev YV, Ding X, Sharma AK, Chan CC, Medina I and Edwards AO. (2008) Mutations in KCNJ13 cause autosomal-dominant snowflake vitreoretinal degeneration. Am J Hum Genet 82: 174-80 [PMID:18179896]
  79. Hibino H, Fujita A, Iwai K, Yamada M and Kurachi Y. (2004) Differential assembly of inwardly rectifying K+ channel subunits, Kir4.1 and Kir5.1, in brain astrocytes. J Biol Chem 279: 44065-73 [PMID:15310750]
  80. Hibino H, Higashi-Shingai K, Fujita A, Iwai K, Ishii M and Kurachi Y. (2004) Expression of an inwardly rectifying K+ channel, Kir5.1, in specific types of fibrocytes in the cochlear lateral wall suggests its functional importance in the establishment of endocochlear potential. Eur J Neurosci 19: 76-84 [PMID:14750965]
  81. Hibino H, Horio Y, Inanobe A, Doi K, Ito M, Yamada M, Gotow T, Uchiyama Y, Kawamura M and Kubo T et al.. (1997) An ATP-dependent inwardly rectifying potassium channel, KAB-2 (Kir4. 1), in cochlear stria vascularis of inner ear: its specific subcellular localization and correlation with the formation of endocochlear potential. J Neurosci 17: 4711-21 [PMID:9169531]
  82. Hibino H, Inanobe A, Furutani K, Murakami S, Findlay I and Kurachi Y. (2010) Inwardly rectifying potassium channels: their structure, function, and physiological roles. Physiol Rev 90: 291-366 [PMID:20086079]
  83. Higashi K, Fujita A, Inanobe A, Tanemoto M, Doi K, Kubo T and Kurachi Y. (2001) An inwardly rectifying K(+) channel, Kir4.1, expressed in astrocytes surrounds synapses and blood vessels in brain. Am J Physiol, Cell Physiol 281: C922-31 [PMID:11502569]
  84. Hilgemann DW and Ball R. (1996) Regulation of cardiac Na+,Ca2+ exchange and KATP potassium channels by PIP2. Science 273: 956-9 [PMID:8688080]
  85. Hilgemann DW, Feng S and Nasuhoglu C. (2001) The complex and intriguing lives of PIP2 with ion channels and transporters. Sci STKE 2001: re19 [PMID:11734659]
  86. Hill CE, Briggs MM, Liu J and Magtanong L. (2002) Cloning, expression, and localization of a rat hepatocyte inwardly rectifying potassium channel. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 282: G233-40 [PMID:11804844]
  87. Hille B. (2001) Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes, 3rd Ed. Sinauer Associates Inc.:
  88. Ho IH and Murrell-Lagnado RD. (1999) Molecular determinants for sodium-dependent activation of G protein-gated K+ channels. J Biol Chem 274: 8639-48 [PMID:10085101]
  89. Ho K, Nichols CG, Lederer WJ, Lytton J, Vassilev PM, Kanazirska MV and Hebert SC. (1993) Cloning and expression of an inwardly rectifying ATP-regulated potassium channel. Nature 362: 31-8 [PMID:7680431]
  90. Hong M, Kefaloyianni E, Bao L, Malester B, Delaroche D, Neubert TA and Coetzee WA. (2011) Cardiac ATP-sensitive K+ channel associates with the glycolytic enzyme complex. FASEB J 25: 2456-67 [PMID:21482559]
  91. Horio Y, Hibino H, Inanobe A, Yamada M, Ishii M, Tada Y, Satoh E, Hata Y, Takai Y and Kurachi Y. (1997) Clustering and enhanced activity of an inwardly rectifying potassium channel, Kir4.1, by an anchoring protein, PSD-95/SAP90. J Biol Chem 272: 12885-8 [PMID:9148889]
  92. Horio Y, Morishige K, Takahashi N and Kurachi Y. (1996) Differential distribution of classical inwardly rectifying potassium channel mRNAs in the brain: comparison of IRK2 with IRK1 and IRK3. FEBS Lett 379: 239-43 [PMID:8603697]
  93. Huang C, Sindic A, Hill CE, Hujer KM, Chan KW, Sassen M, Wu Z, Kurachi Y, Nielsen S and Romero MF et al.. (2007) Interaction of the Ca2+-sensing receptor with the inwardly rectifying potassium channels Kir4.1 and Kir4.2 results in inhibition of channel function. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 292: F1073-81 [PMID:17122384]
  94. Huang CL, Feng S and Hilgemann DW. (1998) Direct activation of inward rectifier potassium channels by PIP2 and its stabilization by Gbetagamma. Nature 391: 803-6 [PMID:9486652]
  95. Huang CL, Slesinger PA, Casey PJ, Jan YN and Jan LY. (1995) Evidence that direct binding of G beta gamma to the GIRK1 G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ channel is important for channel activation. Neuron 15: 1133-43 [PMID:7576656]
  96. Hughes BA, Kumar G, Yuan Y, Swaminathan A, Yan D, Sharma A, Plumley L, Yang-Feng TL and Swaroop A. (2000) Cloning and functional expression of human retinal kir2.4, a pH-sensitive inwardly rectifying K(+) channel. Am J Physiol, Cell Physiol 279: C771-84 [PMID:10942728]
  97. Hugnot JP, Pedeutour F, Le Calvez C, Grosgeorge J, Passage E, Fontes M and Lazdunski M. (1997) The human inward rectifying K+ channel Kir 2.2 (KCNJ12) gene: gene structure, assignment to chromosome 17p11.1, and identification of a simple tandem repeat polymorphism. Genomics 39: 113-6 [PMID:9027495]
  98. Inagaki N, Gonoi T, Clement 4th JP, Namba N, Inazawa J, Gonzalez G, Aguilar-Bryan L, Seino S and Bryan J. (1995) Reconstitution of IKATP: an inward rectifier subunit plus the sulfonylurea receptor. Science 270: 1166-70 [PMID:7502040]
  99. Inagaki N, Gonoi T, Clement JP, Wang CZ, Aguilar-Bryan L, Bryan J and Seino S. (1996) A family of sulfonylurea receptors determines the pharmacological properties of ATP-sensitive K+ channels. Neuron 16: 1011-7 [PMID:8630239]
  100. Inagaki N, Inazawa J and Seino S. (1995) cDNA sequence, gene structure, and chromosomal localization of the human ATP-sensitive potassium channel, uKATP-1, gene (KCNJ8). Genomics 30: 102-4 [PMID:8595887]
  101. Inagaki N, Tsuura Y, Namba N, Masuda K, Gonoi T, Horie M, Seino Y, Mizuta M and Seino S. (1995) Cloning and functional characterization of a novel ATP-sensitive potassium channel ubiquitously expressed in rat tissues, including pancreatic islets, pituitary, skeletal muscle, and heart. J Biol Chem 270: 5691-4 [PMID:7890693]
  102. Inanobe A, Fujita A, Ito M, Tomoike H, Inageda K and Kurachi Y. (2002) Inward rectifier K+ channel Kir2.3 is localized at the postsynaptic membrane of excitatory synapses. Am J Physiol, Cell Physiol 282: C1396-403 [PMID:11997254]
  103. Inanobe A, Horio Y, Fujita A, Tanemoto M, Hibino H, Inageda K and Kurachi Y. (1999) Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel splicing variant of the Kir3.2 subunit predominantly expressed in mouse testis. J Physiol (Lond.) 521 Pt 1: 19-30 [PMID:10562331]
  104. Inanobe A, Matsuura T, Nakagawa A and Kurachi Y. (2007) Structural diversity in the cytoplasmic region of G protein-gated inward rectifier K+ channels. Channels (Austin) 1: 39-45 [PMID:19151589]
  105. Inanobe A, Yoshimoto Y, Horio Y, Morishige KI, Hibino H, Matsumoto S, Tokunaga Y, Maeda T, Hata Y and Takai Y et al.. (1999) Characterization of G-protein-gated K+ channels composed of Kir3.2 subunits in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. J Neurosci 19: 1006-17 [PMID:9920664]
  106. Ishihara K, Hiraoka M and Ochi R. (1996) The tetravalent organic cation spermine causes the gating of the IRK1 channel expressed in murine fibroblast cells. J Physiol (Lond.) 491 ( Pt 2): 367-81 [PMID:8866861]
  107. Ishii M, Fujita A, Iwai K, Kusaka S, Higashi K, Inanobe A, Hibino H and Kurachi Y. (2003) Differential expression and distribution of Kir5.1 and Kir4.1 inwardly rectifying K+ channels in retina. Am J Physiol, Cell Physiol 285: C260-7 [PMID:12686518]
  108. Ishii M, Horio Y, Tada Y, Hibino H, Inanobe A, Ito M, Yamada M, Gotow T, Uchiyama Y and Kurachi Y. (1997) Expression and clustered distribution of an inwardly rectifying potassium channel, KAB-2/Kir4.1, on mammalian retinal Müller cell membrane: their regulation by insulin and laminin signals. J Neurosci 17: 7725-35 [PMID:9315894]
  109. Isomoto S, Kondo C, Takahashi N, Matsumoto S, Yamada M, Takumi T, Horio Y and Kurachi Y. (1996) A novel ubiquitously distributed isoform of GIRK2 (GIRK2B) enhances GIRK1 expression of the G-protein-gated K+ current in Xenopus oocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 218: 286-91 [PMID:8573147]
  110. Isomoto S, Kondo C, Yamada M, Matsumoto S, Higashiguchi O, Horio Y, Matsuzawa Y and Kurachi Y. (1996) A novel sulfonylurea receptor forms with BIR (Kir6.2) a smooth muscle type ATP-sensitive K+ channel. J Biol Chem 271: 24321-4 [PMID:8798681]
  111. Ito M, Inanobe A, Horio Y, Hibino H, Isomoto S, Ito H, Mori K, Tonosaki A, Tomoike H and Kurachi Y. (1996) Immunolocalization of an inwardly rectifying K+ channel, K(AB)-2 (Kir4.1), in the basolateral membrane of renal distal tubular epithelia. FEBS Lett 388: 11-5 [PMID:8654579]
  112. Jeck N, Derst C, Wischmeyer E, Ott H, Weber S, Rudin C, Seyberth HW, Daut J, Karschin A and Konrad M. (2001) Functional heterogeneity of ROMK mutations linked to hyperprostaglandin E syndrome. Kidney Int 59: 1803-11 [PMID:11318951]
  113. Jelacic TM, Kennedy ME, Wickman K and Clapham DE. (2000) Functional and biochemical evidence for G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels composed of GIRK2 and GIRK3. J Biol Chem 275: 36211-6 [PMID:10956667]
  114. Jelacic TM, Sims SM and Clapham DE. (1999) Functional expression and characterization of G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ channels containing GIRK3. J Membr Biol 169: 123-9 [PMID:10341034]
  115. Jin W, Brown S, Roche JP, Hsieh C, Celver JP, Kovoor A, Chavkin C and Mackie K. (1999) Distinct domains of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor mediate desensitization and internalization. J Neurosci 19: 3773-80 [PMID:10234009]
  116. Jin W, Klem AM, Lewis JH and Lu Z. (1999) Mechanisms of inward-rectifier K+ channel inhibition by tertiapin-Q. Biochemistry 38: 14294-301 [PMID:10572004]
  117. Jin W and Lu Z. (1999) Synthesis of a stable form of tertiapin: a high-affinity inhibitor for inward-rectifier K+ channels. Biochemistry 38: 14286-93 [PMID:10572003]
  118. Jin W and Lu Z. (1998) A novel high-affinity inhibitor for inward-rectifier K+ channels. Biochemistry 37: 13291-9 [PMID:9748337]
  119. Jin X, Yu L, Wu Y, Zhang S, Shi Z, Chen X, Yang Y, Zhang X and Jiang C. (2012) S-Glutathionylation underscores the modulation of the heteromeric Kir4.1-Kir5.1 channel in oxidative stress. J Physiol (Lond.) 590: 5335-48 [PMID:22907060]
  120. Kaiser M, Maletzki I, Hülsmann S, Holtmann B, Schulz-Schaeffer W, Kirchhoff F, Bähr M and Neusch C. (2006) Progressive loss of a glial potassium channel (KCNJ10) in the spinal cord of the SOD1 (G93A) transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurochem 99: 900-12 [PMID:16925593]
  121. Kane GC, Lam CF, O'Cochlain F, Hodgson DM, Reyes S, Liu XK, Miki T, Seino S, Katusic ZS and Terzic A. (2006) Gene knockout of the KCNJ8-encoded Kir6.1 K(ATP) channel imparts fatal susceptibility to endotoxemia. FASEB J 20: 2271-80 [PMID:17077304]
  122. Kang SJ, Rangaswamy M, Manz N, Wang JC, Wetherill L, Hinrichs T, Almasy L, Brooks A, Chorlian DB and Dick D et al.. (2012) Family-based genome-wide association study of frontal θ oscillations identifies potassium channel gene KCNJ6. Genes Brain Behav 11: 712-9 [PMID:22554406]
  123. Karschin C, Dissmann E, Stühmer W and Karschin A. (1996) IRK(1-3) and GIRK(1-4) inwardly rectifying K+ channel mRNAs are differentially expressed in the adult rat brain. J Neurosci 16: 3559-70 [PMID:8642402]
  124. Karschin C and Karschin A. (1997) Ontogeny of gene expression of Kir channel subunits in the rat. Mol Cell Neurosci 10: 131-48 [PMID:9532576]
  125. Kaufmann K, Romaine I, Days E, Pascual C, Malik A, Yang L, Zou B, Du Y, Sliwoski G and Morrison RD et al.. (2013) ML297 (VU0456810), the first potent and selective activator of the GIRK potassium channel, displays antiepileptic properties in mice. ACS Chem Neurosci 4: 1278-86 [PMID:23730969]
  126. Kim D, Lewis DL, Graziadei L, Neer EJ, Bar-Sagi D and Clapham DE. (1989) G-protein beta gamma-subunits activate the cardiac muscarinic K+-channel via phospholipase A2. Nature 337: 557-60 [PMID:2492640]
  127. Kobayashi T, Ikeda K, Ichikawa T, Abe S, Togashi S and Kumanishi T. (1995) Molecular cloning of a mouse G-protein-activated K+ channel (mGIRK1) and distinct distributions of three GIRK (GIRK1, 2 and 3) mRNAs in mouse brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 208: 1166-73 [PMID:7702616]
  128. Kobayashi T, Ikeda K, Kojima H, Niki H, Yano R, Yoshioka T and Kumanishi T. (1999) Ethanol opens G-protein-activated inwardly rectifying K+ channels. Nat Neurosci 2: 1091-7 [PMID:10570486]
  129. Kobayashi T, Ikeda K and Kumanishi T. (2000) Inhibition by various antipsychotic drugs of the G-protein-activated inwardly rectifying K(+) (GIRK) channels expressed in xenopus oocytes. Br J Pharmacol 129: 1716-22 [PMID:10780978]
  130. Kobayashi T, Washiyama K and Ikeda K. (2004) Inhibition of G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K+ channels by various antidepressant drugs. Neuropsychopharmacology 29: 1841-51 [PMID:15150531]
  131. Kobayashi T, Washiyama K and Ikeda K. (2003) Inhibition of G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K+ channels by fluoxetine (Prozac). Br J Pharmacol 138: 1119-28 [PMID:12684268]
  132. Kobrinsky E, Mirshahi T, Zhang H, Jin T and Logothetis DE. (2000) Receptor-mediated hydrolysis of plasma membrane messenger PIP2 leads to K+-current desensitization. Nat Cell Biol 2: 507-14 [PMID:10934471]
  133. Kofuji P, Ceelen P, Zahs KR, Surbeck LW, Lester HA and Newman EA. (2000) Genetic inactivation of an inwardly rectifying potassium channel (Kir4.1 subunit) in mice: phenotypic impact in retina. J Neurosci 20: 5733-40 [PMID:10908613]
  134. Kofuji P, Davidson N and Lester HA. (1995) Evidence that neuronal G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ channels are activated by G beta gamma subunits and function as heteromultimers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 6542-6 [PMID:7604029]
  135. Kofuji P, Hofer M, Millen KJ, Millonig JH, Davidson N, Lester HA and Hatten ME. (1996) Functional analysis of the weaver mutant GIRK2 K+ channel and rescue of weaver granule cells. Neuron 16: 941-52 [PMID:8630252]
  136. Konstas AA, Korbmacher C and Tucker SJ. (2003) Identification of domains that control the heteromeric assembly of Kir5.1/Kir4.0 potassium channels. Am J Physiol, Cell Physiol 284: C910-7 [PMID:12456399]
  137. Kovoor A, Celver JP, Wu A and Chavkin C. (1998) Agonist induced homologous desensitization of mu-opioid receptors mediated by G protein-coupled receptor kinases is dependent on agonist efficacy. Mol Pharmacol 54: 704-11 [PMID:9765514]
  138. Kovoor P, Wickman K, Maguire CT, Pu W, Gehrmann J, Berul CI and Clapham DE. (2001) Evaluation of the role of I(KACh) in atrial fibrillation using a mouse knockout model. J Am Coll Cardiol 37: 2136-43 [PMID:11419900]
  139. Koyama H, Morishige K, Takahashi N, Zanelli JS, Fass DN and Kurachi Y. (1994) Molecular cloning, functional expression and localization of a novel inward rectifier potassium channel in the rat brain. FEBS Lett 341: 303-7 [PMID:8137958]
  140. Koyrakh L, Luján R, Colón J, Karschin C, Kurachi Y, Karschin A and Wickman K. (2005) Molecular and cellular diversity of neuronal G-protein-gated potassium channels. J Neurosci 25: 11468-78 [PMID:16339040]
  141. Koyrakh L, Roman MI, Brinkmann V and Wickman K. (2005) The heart rate decrease caused by acute FTY720 administration is mediated by the G protein-gated potassium channel I. Am J Transplant 5: 529-36 [PMID:15707407]
  142. Kozell LB, Walter NA, Milner LC, Wickman K and Buck KJ. (2009) Mapping a barbiturate withdrawal locus to a 0.44 Mb interval and analysis of a novel null mutant identify a role for Kcnj9 (GIRK3) in withdrawal from pentobarbital, zolpidem, and ethanol. J Neurosci 29: 11662-73 [PMID:19759313]
  143. Krapivinsky G, Gordon EA, Wickman K, Velimirović B, Krapivinsky L and Clapham DE. (1995) The G-protein-gated atrial K+ channel IKACh is a heteromultimer of two inwardly rectifying K(+)-channel proteins. Nature 374: 135-41 [PMID:7877685]
  144. Krapivinsky G, Krapivinsky L, Wickman K and Clapham DE. (1995) G beta gamma binds directly to the G protein-gated K+ channel, IKACh. J Biol Chem 270: 29059-62 [PMID:7493925]
  145. Krapivinsky G, Medina I, Eng L, Krapivinsky L, Yang Y and Clapham DE. (1998) A novel inward rectifier K+ channel with unique pore properties. Neuron 20: 995-1005 [PMID:9620703]
  146. Kubo Y, Baldwin TJ, Jan YN and Jan LY. (1993) Primary structure and functional expression of a mouse inward rectifier potassium channel. Nature 362: 127-33 [PMID:7680768]
  147. Kubo Y, Reuveny E, Slesinger PA, Jan YN and Jan LY. (1993) Primary structure and functional expression of a rat G-protein-coupled muscarinic potassium channel. Nature 364: 802-6 [PMID:8355805]
  148. Kurachi Y. (1995) G protein regulation of cardiac muscarinic potassium channel. Am J Physiol 269: C821-30 [PMID:7485449]
  149. Kurschner C, Mermelstein PG, Holden WT and Surmeier DJ. (1998) CIPP, a novel multivalent PDZ domain protein, selectively interacts with Kir4.0 family members, NMDA receptor subunits, neurexins, and neuroligins. Mol Cell Neurosci 11: 161-72 [PMID:9647694]
  150. Kusaka S, Inanobe A, Fujita A, Makino Y, Tanemoto M, Matsushita K, Tano Y and Kurachi Y. (2001) Functional Kir7.1 channels localized at the root of apical processes in rat retinal pigment epithelium. J Physiol (Lond.) 531: 27-36 [PMID:11179389]
  151. Kuzhikandathil EV and Oxford GS. (2002) Classic D1 dopamine receptor antagonist R-(+)-7-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrochloride (SCH23390) directly inhibits G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels. Mol Pharmacol 62: 119-26 [PMID:12065762]
  152. Károlyi L, Konrad M, Köckerling A, Ziegler A, Zimmermann DK, Roth B, Wieg C, Grzeschik K-H, Koch MC and Seyberth HW. (1997) Mutations in the gene encoding the inwardly-rectifying renal potassium channel, ROMK, cause the antenatal variant of Bartter syndrome: evidence for genetic heterogeneity. International Collaborative Study Group for Bartter-like Syndromes. Hum Mol Genet 6: 17-26 [PMID:9002665]
  153. Labouèbe G, Lomazzi M, Cruz HG, Creton C, Luján R, Li M, Yanagawa Y, Obata K, Watanabe M and Wickman K et al.. (2007) RGS2 modulates coupling between GABAB receptors and GIRK channels in dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area. Nat Neurosci 10: 1559-68 [PMID:17965710]
  154. Lachheb S, Cluzeaud F, Bens M, Genete M, Hibino H, Lourdel S, Kurachi Y, Vandewalle A, Teulon J and Paulais M. (2008) Kir4.1/Kir5.1 channel forms the major K+ channel in the basolateral membrane of mouse renal collecting duct principal cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 294: F1398-407 [PMID:18367659]
  155. Lalive AL, Munoz MB, Bellone C, Slesinger PA, Lüscher C and Tan KR. (2014) Firing modes of dopamine neurons drive bidirectional GIRK channel plasticity. J Neurosci 34: 5107-14 [PMID:24719090]
  156. Leaney JL. (2003) Contribution of Kir3.1, Kir3.2A and Kir3.2C subunits to native G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium currents in cultured hippocampal neurons. Eur J Neurosci 18: 2110-8 [PMID:14622172]
  157. Lee WS and Hebert SC. (1995) ROMK inwardly rectifying ATP-sensitive K+ channel. I. Expression in rat distal nephron segments. Am J Physiol 268: F1124-31 [PMID:7611453]
  158. Leonoudakis D, Conti LR, Anderson S, Radeke CM, McGuire LM, Adams ME, Froehner SC, Yates 3rd JR and Vandenberg CA. (2004) Protein trafficking and anchoring complexes revealed by proteomic analysis of inward rectifier potassium channel (Kir2.x)-associated proteins. J Biol Chem 279: 22331-46 [PMID:15024025]
  159. Leonoudakis D, Conti LR, Radeke CM, McGuire LM and Vandenberg CA. (2004) A multiprotein trafficking complex composed of SAP97, CASK, Veli, and Mint1 is associated with inward rectifier Kir2 potassium channels. J Biol Chem 279: 19051-63 [PMID:14960569]
  160. Leonoudakis D, Mailliard W, Wingerd K, Clegg D and Vandenberg C. (2001) Inward rectifier potassium channel Kir2.2 is associated with synapse-associated protein SAP97. J Cell Sci 114: 987-98 [PMID:11181181]
  161. Lesage F, Duprat F, Fink M, Guillemare E, Coppola T, Lazdunski M and Hugnot JP. (1994) Cloning provides evidence for a family of inward rectifier and G-protein coupled K+ channels in the brain. FEBS Lett 353: 37-42 [PMID:7926018]
  162. Lesage F, Fink M, Barhanin J, Lazdunski M and Mattéi MG. (1995) Assignment of human G-protein-coupled inward rectifier K+ channel homolog GIRK3 gene to chromosome 1q21-q23. Genomics 29: 808-9 [PMID:8575783]
  163. Lesage F, Guillemare E, Fink M, Duprat F, Heurteaux C, Fosset M, Romey G, Barhanin J and Lazdunski M. (1995) Molecular properties of neuronal G-protein-activated inwardly rectifying K+ channels. J Biol Chem 270: 28660-7 [PMID:7499385]
  164. Lewohl JM, Wilson WR, Mayfield RD, Brozowski SJ, Morrisett RA and Harris RA. (1999) G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels are targets of alcohol action. Nat Neurosci 2: 1084-90 [PMID:10570485]
  165. Leyland ML and Dart C. (2004) An alternatively spliced isoform of PSD-93/chapsyn 110 binds to the inwardly rectifying potassium channel, Kir2.1. J Biol Chem 279: 43427-36 [PMID:15304517]
  166. Li A, Knutsen RH, Zhang H, Osei-Owusu P, Moreno-Dominguez A, Harter TM, Uchida K, Remedi MS, Dietrich HH and Bernal-Mizrachi C et al.. (2013) Hypotension due to Kir6.1 gain-of-function in vascular smooth muscle. J Am Heart Assoc 2: e000365 [PMID:23974906]
  167. Li L, Head V and Timpe LC. (2001) Identification of an inward rectifier potassium channel gene expressed in mouse cortical astrocytes. Glia 33: 57-71 [PMID:11169792]
  168. Li N, Wu JX, Ding D, Cheng J, Gao N and Chen L. (2017) Structure of a Pancreatic ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channel. Cell 168: 101-110.e10 [PMID:28086082]
  169. Liao YJ, Jan YN and Jan LY. (1996) Heteromultimerization of G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ channel proteins GIRK1 and GIRK2 and their altered expression in weaver brain. J Neurosci 16: 7137-50 [PMID:8929423]
  170. Liss B, Haeckel O, Wildmann J, Miki T, Seino S and Roeper J. (2005) K-ATP channels promote the differential degeneration of dopaminergic midbrain neurons. Nat Neurosci 8: 1742-51 [PMID:16299504]
  171. Liu Y, Liu D, Heath L, Meyers DM, Krafte DS, Wagoner PK, Silvia CP, Yu W and Curran ME. (2001) Direct activation of an inwardly rectifying potassium channel by arachidonic acid. Mol Pharmacol 59: 1061-8 [PMID:11306688]
  172. Liu Y, Liu D, Printzenhoff D, Coghlan MJ, Harris R and Krafte DS. (2002) Tenidap, a novel anti-inflammatory agent, is an opener of the inwardly rectifying K+ channel hKir2.3. Eur J Pharmacol 435: 153-60 [PMID:11821021]
  173. Liu Y, McKenna E, Figueroa DJ, Blevins R, Austin CP, Bennett PB and Swanson R. (2000) The human inward rectifier K(+) channel subunit kir5.1 (KCNJ16) maps to chromosome 17q25 and is expressed in kidney and pancreas. Cytogenet Cell Genet 90: 60-3 [PMID:11060447]
  174. Logothetis DE, Kurachi Y, Galper J, Neer EJ and Clapham DE. (1987) The beta gamma subunits of GTP-binding proteins activate the muscarinic K+ channel in heart. Nature 325: 321-6 [PMID:2433589]
  175. Lopatin AN, Makhina EN and Nichols CG. (1994) Potassium channel block by cytoplasmic polyamines as the mechanism of intrinsic rectification. Nature 372: 366-9 [PMID:7969496]
  176. Lourdel S, Paulais M, Cluzeaud F, Bens M, Tanemoto M, Kurachi Y, Vandewalle A and Teulon J. (2002) An inward rectifier K(+) channel at the basolateral membrane of the mouse distal convoluted tubule: similarities with Kir4-Kir5.1 heteromeric channels. J Physiol (Lond.) 538: 391-404 [PMID:11790808]
  177. Lu M, Leng Q, Egan ME, Caplan MJ, Boulpaep EL, Giebisch GH and Hebert SC. (2006) CFTR is required for PKA-regulated ATP sensitivity of Kir1.1 potassium channels in mouse kidney. J Clin Invest 116: 797-807 [PMID:16470247]
  178. Lu M, Wang T, Yan Q, Yang X, Dong K, Knepper MA, Wang W, Giebisch G, Shull GE and Hebert SC. (2002) Absence of small conductance K+ channel (SK) activity in apical membranes of thick ascending limb and cortical collecting duct in ROMK (Bartter's) knockout mice. J Biol Chem 277: 37881-7 [PMID:12130653]
  179. Lunn ML, Nassirpour R, Arrabit C, Tan J, McLeod I, Arias CM, Sawchenko PE, Yates 3rd JR and Slesinger PA. (2007) A unique sorting nexin regulates trafficking of potassium channels via a PDZ domain interaction. Nat Neurosci 10: 1249-59 [PMID:17828261]
  180. Lüscher C, Jan LY, Stoffel M, Malenka RC and Nicoll RA. (1997) G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying K+ channels (GIRKs) mediate postsynaptic but not presynaptic transmitter actions in hippocampal neurons. Neuron 19: 687-95 [PMID:9331358]
  181. Lüscher C and Slesinger PA. (2010) Emerging roles for G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels in health and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 11: 301-15 [PMID:20389305]
  182. Ma D, Tang XD, Rogers TB and Welling PA. (2007) An andersen-Tawil syndrome mutation in Kir2.1 (V302M) alters the G-loop cytoplasmic K+ conduction pathway. J Biol Chem 282: 5781-9 [PMID:17166852]
  183. Ma D, Zerangue N, Raab-Graham K, Fried SR, Jan YN and Jan LY. (2002) Diverse trafficking patterns due to multiple traffic motifs in G protein-activated inwardly rectifying potassium channels from brain and heart. Neuron 33: 715-29 [PMID:11879649]
  184. Makhina EN, Kelly AJ, Lopatin AN, Mercer RW and Nichols CG. (1994) Cloning and expression of a novel human brain inward rectifier potassium channel. J Biol Chem 269: 20468-74 [PMID:8051145]
  185. Mao J, Wang X, Chen F, Wang R, Rojas A, Shi Y, Piao H and Jiang C. (2004) Molecular basis for the inhibition of G protein-coupled inward rectifier K(+) channels by protein kinase C. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 1087-92 [PMID:14732702]
  186. Marcus DC, Wu T, Wangemann P and Kofuji P. (2002) KCNJ10 (Kir4.1) potassium channel knockout abolishes endocochlear potential. Am J Physiol, Cell Physiol 282: C403-7 [PMID:11788352]
  187. Matsuda T, Takeda K, Ito M, Yamagishi R, Tamura M, Nakamura H, Tsuruoka N, Saito T, Masumiya H and Suzuki T et al.. (2005) Atria selective prolongation by NIP-142, an antiarrhythmic agent, of refractory period and action potential duration in guinea pig myocardium. J Pharmacol Sci 98: 33-40 [PMID:15879679]
  188. Mennitt PA, Wade JB, Ecelbarger CA, Palmer LG and Frindt G. (1997) Localization of ROMK channels in the rat kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 8: 1823-30 [PMID:9402083]
  189. Mi H, Deerinck TJ, Jones M, Ellisman MH and Schwarz TL. (1996) Inwardly rectifying K+ channels that may participate in K+ buffering are localized in microvilli of Schwann cells. J Neurosci 16: 2421-9 [PMID:8786419]
  190. Miki T, Liss B, Minami K, Shiuchi T, Saraya A, Kashima Y, Horiuchi M, Ashcroft F, Minokoshi Y and Roeper J et al.. (2001) ATP-sensitive K+ channels in the hypothalamus are essential for the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Nat Neurosci 4: 507-12 [PMID:11319559]
  191. Miki T, Nagashima K and Seino S. (1999) The structure and function of the ATP-sensitive K+ channel in insulin-secreting pancreatic beta-cells. J Mol Endocrinol 22: 113-23 [PMID:10194514]
  192. Miki T, Nagashima K, Tashiro F, Kotake K, Yoshitomi H, Tamamoto A, Gonoi T, Iwanaga T, Miyazaki J and Seino S. (1998) Defective insulin secretion and enhanced insulin action in KATP channel-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 10402-6 [PMID:9724715]
  193. Miki T, Suzuki M, Shibasaki T, Uemura H, Sato T, Yamaguchi K, Koseki H, Iwanaga T, Nakaya H and Seino S. (2002) Mouse model of Prinzmetal angina by disruption of the inward rectifier Kir6.1. Nat Med 8: 466-72 [PMID:11984590]
  194. Miki T, Tashiro F, Iwanaga T, Nagashima K, Yoshitomi H, Aihara H, Nitta Y, Gonoi T, Inagaki N and Miyazaki Ji et al.. (1997) Abnormalities of pancreatic islets by targeted expression of a dominant-negative KATP channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 11969-73 [PMID:9342346]
  195. Morgan AD, Carroll ME, Loth AK, Stoffel M and Wickman K. (2003) Decreased cocaine self-administration in Kir3 potassium channel subunit knockout mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 28: 932-8 [PMID:12637950]
  196. Morishige K, Inanobe A, Yoshimoto Y, Kurachi H, Murata Y, Tokunaga Y, Maeda T, Maruyama Y and Kurachi Y. (1999) Secretagogue-induced exocytosis recruits G protein-gated K+ channels to plasma membrane in endocrine cells. J Biol Chem 274: 7969-74 [PMID:10075694]
  197. Morishige K, Takahashi N, Jahangir A, Yamada M, Koyama H, Zanelli JS and Kurachi Y. (1994) Molecular cloning and functional expression of a novel brain-specific inward rectifier potassium channel. FEBS Lett 346: 251-6 [PMID:8013643]
  198. Mouri T, Kittaka N, Horio Y, Copeland NG, Gilbert DJ, Jenkins NA and Kurachi Y. (1998) Assignment of mouse inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kcnj16 to the distal region of mouse chromosome 11. Genomics 54: 181-2 [PMID:9806850]
  199. Munoz MB and Slesinger PA. (2014) Sorting nexin 27 regulation of G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K⁺ channels attenuates in vivo cocaine response. Neuron 82: 659-69 [PMID:24811384]
  200. Murer G, Adelbrecht C, Lauritzen I, Lesage F, Lazdunski M, Agid Y and Raisman-Vozari R. (1997) An immunocytochemical study on the distribution of two G-protein-gated inward rectifier potassium channels (GIRK2 and GIRK4) in the adult rat brain. Neuroscience 80: 345-57 [PMID:9284339]
  201. Nagelhus EA, Horio Y, Inanobe A, Fujita A, Haug FM, Nielsen S, Kurachi Y and Ottersen OP. (1999) Immunogold evidence suggests that coupling of K+ siphoning and water transport in rat retinal Müller cells is mediated by a coenrichment of Kir4.1 and AQP4 in specific membrane domains. Glia 26: 47-54 [PMID:10088671]
  202. Nakamura N, Suzuki Y, Ikeda Y, Notoya M and Hirose S. (2000) Complex structure and regulation of expression of the rat gene for inward rectifier potassium channel Kir7.1. J Biol Chem 275: 28276-84 [PMID:10871613]
  203. Nakamura N, Suzuki Y, Sakuta H, Ookata K, Kawahara K and Hirose S. (1999) Inwardly rectifying K+ channel Kir7.1 is highly expressed in thyroid follicular cells, intestinal epithelial cells and choroid plexus epithelial cells: implication for a functional coupling with Na+,K+-ATPase. Biochem J 342 ( Pt 2): 329-36 [PMID:10455019]
  204. Navarro B, Kennedy ME, Velimirovíc B, Bhat D, Peterson AS and Clapham DE. (1996) Nonselective and G betagamma-insensitive weaver K+ channels. Science 272: 1950-3 [PMID:8658170]
  205. Nehring RB, Wischmeyer E, Döring F, Veh RW, Sheng M and Karschin A. (2000) Neuronal inwardly rectifying K(+) channels differentially couple to PDZ proteins of the PSD-95/SAP90 family. J Neurosci 20: 156-62 [PMID:10627592]
  206. Nestorowicz A, Inagaki N, Gonoi T, Schoor KP, Wilson BA, Glaser B, Landau H, Stanley CA, Thornton PS and Seino S et al.. (1997) A nonsense mutation in the inward rectifier potassium channel gene, Kir6.2, is associated with familial hyperinsulinism. Diabetes 46: 1743-8 [PMID:9356020]
  207. Neusch C, Rozengurt N, Jacobs RE, Lester HA and Kofuji P. (2001) Kir4.1 potassium channel subunit is crucial for oligodendrocyte development and in vivo myelination. J Neurosci 21: 5429-38 [PMID:11466414]
  208. Nichols CG, Ho K and Hebert S. (1994) Mg(2+)-dependent inward rectification of ROMK1 potassium channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. J Physiol (Lond.) 476: 399-409 [PMID:8057249]
  209. Nichols CG and Lopatin AN. (1997) Inward rectifier potassium channels. Annu Rev Physiol 59: 171-91 [PMID:9074760]
  210. Nichols CG, Shyng SL, Nestorowicz A, Glaser B, Clement 4th JP, Gonzalez G, Aguilar-Bryan L, Permutt MA and Bryan J. (1996) Adenosine diphosphate as an intracellular regulator of insulin secretion. Science 272: 1785-7 [PMID:8650576]
  211. Nishida M, Cadene M, Chait BT and MacKinnon R. (2007) Crystal structure of a Kir3.1-prokaryotic Kir channel chimera. EMBO J 26: 4005-15 [PMID:17703190]
  212. Nishida M and MacKinnon R. (2002) Structural basis of inward rectification: cytoplasmic pore of the G protein-gated inward rectifier GIRK1 at 1.8 A resolution. Cell 111: 957-65 [PMID:12507423]
  213. Ohira M, Seki N, Nagase T, Suzuki E, Nomura N, Ohara O, Hattori M, Sakaki Y, Eki T, Murakami Y, Saito T, Ichikawa H and Ohki M. (1997) Gene identification in 1.6-Mb region of the Down syndrome region on chromosome 21. Genome Res 7: 47-58 [PMID:9037601]
  214. Okamoto K, Iwasaki N, Doi K, Noiri E, Iwamoto Y, Uchigata Y, Fujita T and Tokunaga K. (2012) Inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by KCNJ15, a newly identified susceptibility gene for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 61: 1734-41 [PMID:22566534]
  215. Olsen O, Liu H, Wade JB, Merot J and Welling PA. (2002) Basolateral membrane expression of the Kir 2.3 channel is coordinated by PDZ interaction with Lin-7/CASK complex. Am J Physiol, Cell Physiol 282: C183-95 [PMID:11742811]
  216. Ookata K, Tojo A, Suzuki Y, Nakamura N, Kimura K, Wilcox CS and Hirose S. (2000) Localization of inward rectifier potassium channel Kir7.1 in the basolateral membrane of distal nephron and collecting duct. J Am Soc Nephrol 11: 1987-94 [PMID:11053473]
  217. Padgett CL, Lalive AL, Tan KR, Terunuma M, Munoz MB, Pangalos MN, Martínez-Hernández J, Watanabe M, Moss SJ and Luján R et al.. (2012) Methamphetamine-evoked depression of GABA(B) receptor signaling in GABA neurons of the VTA. Neuron 73: 978-89 [PMID:22405207]
  218. Partiseti M, Collura V, Agnel M, Culouscou JM and Graham D. (1998) Cloning and characterization of a novel human inwardly rectifying potassium channel predominantly expressed in small intestine. FEBS Lett 434: 171-6 [PMID:9738472]
  219. Patil N, Cox DR, Bhat D, Faham M, Myers RM and Peterson AS. (1995) A potassium channel mutation in weaver mice implicates membrane excitability in granule cell differentiation. Nat Genet 11: 126-9 [PMID:7550338]
  220. Paulais M, Bloch-Faure M, Picard N, Jacques T, Ramakrishnan SK, Keck M, Sohet F, Eladari D, Houillier P and Lourdel S et al.. (2011) Renal phenotype in mice lacking the Kir5.1 (Kcnj16) K+ channel subunit contrasts with that observed in SeSAME/EAST syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108: 10361-6 [PMID:21633011]
  221. Pearson ER, Flechtner I, Njølstad PR, Malecki MT, Flanagan SE, Larkin B, Ashcroft FM, Klimes I, Codner E and Iotova V et al.. (2006) Switching from insulin to oral sulfonylureas in patients with diabetes due to Kir6.2 mutations. N Engl J Med 355: 467-77 [PMID:16885550]
  222. Pearson WL, Dourado M, Schreiber M, Salkoff L and Nichols CG. (1999) Expression of a functional Kir4 family inward rectifier K+ channel from a gene cloned from mouse liver. J Physiol (Lond.) 514 ( Pt 3): 639-53 [PMID:9882736]
  223. Pegan S, Arrabit C, Slesinger PA and Choe S. (2006) Andersen's syndrome mutation effects on the structure and assembly of the cytoplasmic domains of Kir2.1. Biochemistry 45: 8599-606 [PMID:16834334]
  224. Pegan S, Arrabit C, Zhou W, Kwiatkowski W, Collins A, Slesinger PA and Choe S. (2005) Cytoplasmic domain structures of Kir2.1 and Kir3.1 show sites for modulating gating and rectification. Nat Neurosci 8: 279-87 [PMID:15723059]
  225. Peleg S, Varon D, Ivanina T, Dessauer CW and Dascal N. (2002) G(alpha)(i) controls the gating of the G protein-activated K(+) channel, GIRK. Neuron 33: 87-99 [PMID:11779482]
  226. Perillán PR, Li X, Potts EA, Chen M, Bredt DS and Simard JM. (2000) Inward rectifier K(+) channel Kir2.3 (IRK3) in reactive astrocytes from adult rat brain. Glia 31: 181-92 [PMID:10878604]
  227. Pessia M, Imbrici P, D'Adamo MC, Salvatore L and Tucker SJ. (2001) Differential pH sensitivity of Kir4.1 and Kir4.2 potassium channels and their modulation by heteropolymerisation with Kir5.1. J Physiol (Lond.) 532: 359-67 [PMID:11306656]
  228. Pessia M, Tucker SJ, Lee K, Bond CT and Adelman JP. (1996) Subunit positional effects revealed by novel heteromeric inwardly rectifying K+ channels. EMBO J 15: 2980-7 [PMID:8670799]
  229. Pfaffinger PJ, Martin JM, Hunter DD, Nathanson NM and Hille B. (1985) GTP-binding proteins couple cardiac muscarinic receptors to a K channel. Nature 317: 536-8 [PMID:2413367]
  230. Plaster NM, Tawil R, Tristani-Firouzi M, Canún S, Bendahhou S, Tsunoda A, Donaldson MR, Iannaccone ST, Brunt E and Barohn R et al.. (2001) Mutations in Kir2.1 cause the developmental and episodic electrical phenotypes of Andersen's syndrome. Cell 105: 511-9 [PMID:11371347]
  231. Poopalasundaram S, Knott C, Shamotienko OG, Foran PG, Dolly JO, Ghiani CA, Gallo V and Wilkin GP. (2000) Glial heterogeneity in expression of the inwardly rectifying K(+) channel, Kir4.1, in adult rat CNS. Glia 30: 362-72 [PMID:10797616]
  232. Pravetoni M and Wickman K. (2008) Behavioral characterization of mice lacking GIRK/Kir3 channel subunits. Genes Brain Behav 7: 523-31 [PMID:18194467]
  233. Preisig-Müller R, Schlichthörl G, Goerge T, Heinen S, Brüggemann A, Rajan S, Derst C, Veh RW and Daut J. (2002) Heteromerization of Kir2.x potassium channels contributes to the phenotype of Andersen's syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 7774-9 [PMID:12032359]
  234. Priori SG, Pandit SV, Rivolta I, Berenfeld O, Ronchetti E, Dhamoon A, Napolitano C, Anumonwo J, di Barletta MR and Gudapakkam S et al.. (2005) A novel form of short QT syndrome (SQT3) is caused by a mutation in the KCNJ2 gene. Circ Res 96: 800-7 [PMID:15761194]
  235. Prüss H, Derst C, Lommel R and Veh RW. (2005) Differential distribution of individual subunits of strongly inwardly rectifying potassium channels (Kir2 family) in rat brain. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 139: 63-79 [PMID:15936845]
  236. Prüss H, Wenzel M, Eulitz D, Thomzig A, Karschin A and Veh RW. (2003) Kir2 potassium channels in rat striatum are strategically localized to control basal ganglia function. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 110: 203-19 [PMID:12591157]
  237. Périer F, Radeke CM and Vandenberg CA. (1994) Primary structure and characterization of a small-conductance inwardly rectifying potassium channel from human hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 6240-4 [PMID:8016146]
  238. Qu Z, Yang Z, Cui N, Zhu G, Liu C, Xu H, Chanchevalap S, Shen W, Wu J and Li Y et al.. (2000) Gating of inward rectifier K+ channels by proton-mediated interactions of N- and C-terminal domains. J Biol Chem 275: 31573-80 [PMID:10896660]
  239. Raab-Graham KF, Radeke CM and Vandenberg CA. (1994) Molecular cloning and expression of a human heart inward rectifier potassium channel. Neuroreport 5: 2501-5 [PMID:7696590]
  240. Rapedius M, Soom M, Shumilina E, Schulze D, Schönherr R, Kirsch C, Lang F, Tucker SJ and Baukrowitz T. (2005) Long chain CoA esters as competitive antagonists of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate activation in Kir channels. J Biol Chem 280: 30760-7 [PMID:15980413]
  241. Raphemot R, Lonergan DF, Nguyen TT, Utley T, Lewis LM, Kadakia R, Weaver CD, Gogliotti R, Hopkins C and Lindsley CW et al.. (2011) Discovery, characterization, and structure-activity relationships of an inhibitor of inward rectifier potassium (Kir) channels with preference for Kir2.3, Kir3.x, and Kir7.1. Front Pharmacol 2: 75 [PMID:22275899]
  242. Reichold M, Zdebik AA, Lieberer E, Rapedius M, Schmidt K, Bandulik S, Sterner C, Tegtmeier I, Penton D and Baukrowitz T et al.. (2010) KCNJ10 gene mutations causing EAST syndrome (epilepsy, ataxia, sensorineural deafness, and tubulopathy) disrupt channel function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107: 14490-5 [PMID:20651251]
  243. Reuveny E, Slesinger PA, Inglese J, Morales JM, Iñiguez-Lluhi JA, Lefkowitz RJ, Bourne HR, Jan YN and Jan LY. (1994) Activation of the cloned muscarinic potassium channel by G protein beta gamma subunits. Nature 370: 143-6 [PMID:8022483]
  244. Rojas A, Cui N, Su J, Yang L, Muhumuza JP and Jiang C. (2007) Protein kinase C dependent inhibition of the heteromeric Kir4.1-Kir5.1 channel. Biochim Biophys Acta 1768: 2030-42 [PMID:17585871]
  245. Rosenhouse-Dantsker A, Sui JL, Zhao Q, Rusinova R, Rodríguez-Menchaca AA, Zhang Z and Logothetis DE. (2008) A sodium-mediated structural switch that controls the sensitivity of Kir channels to PtdIns(4,5)P(2). Nat Chem Biol 4: 624-31 [PMID:18794864]
  246. Sackin H, Vasilyev A, Palmer LG and Krambis M. (2003) Permeant cations and blockers modulate pH gating of ROMK channels. Biophys J 84: 910-21 [PMID:12547773]
  247. Saitoh O, Kubo Y, Miyatani Y, Asano T and Nakata H. (1997) RGS8 accelerates G-protein-mediated modulation of K+ currents. Nature 390: 525-9 [PMID:9394004]
  248. Saitoh O, Masuho I, Terakawa I, Nomoto S, Asano T and Kubo Y. (2001) Regulator of G protein signaling 8 (RGS8) requires its NH2 terminus for subcellular localization and acute desensitization of G protein-gated K+ channels. J Biol Chem 276: 5052-8 [PMID:11087736]
  249. Sakura H, Bond C, Warren-Perry M, Horsley S, Kearney L, Tucker S, Adelman J, Turner R and Ashcroft FM. (1995) Characterization and variation of a human inwardly-rectifying-K-channel gene (KCNJ6): a putative ATP-sensitive K-channel subunit. FEBS Lett 367: 193-7 [PMID:7796919]
  250. Sala-Rabanal M, Kucheryavykh LY, Skatchkov SN, Eaton MJ and Nichols CG. (2010) Molecular mechanisms of EAST/SeSAME syndrome mutations in Kir4.1 (KCNJ10). J Biol Chem 285: 36040-8 [PMID:20807765]
  251. Sampson LJ, Leyland ML and Dart C. (2003) Direct interaction between the actin-binding protein filamin-A and the inwardly rectifying potassium channel, Kir2.1. J Biol Chem 278: 41988-97 [PMID:12923176]
  252. Scholl UI, Choi M, Liu T, Ramaekers VT, Häusler MG, Grimmer J, Tobe SW, Farhi A, Nelson-Williams C and Lifton RP. (2009) Seizures, sensorineural deafness, ataxia, mental retardation, and electrolyte imbalance (SeSAME syndrome) caused by mutations in KCNJ10. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 5842-7 [PMID:19289823]
  253. Schoots O, Wilson JM, Ethier N, Bigras E, Hebert TE and Van Tol HH. (1999) Co-expression of human Kir3 subunits can yield channels with different functional properties. Cell Signal 11: 871-83 [PMID:10659995]
  254. Schoots O, Yue KT, MacDonald JF, Hampson DR, Nobrega JN, Dixon LM and Van Tol HH. (1996) Cloning of a G protein-activated inwardly rectifying potassium channel from human cerebellum. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 39: 23-30 [PMID:8804710]
  255. Schram G, Melnyk P, Pourrier M, Wang Z and Nattel S. (2002) Kir2.4 and Kir2.1 K(+) channel subunits co-assemble: a potential new contributor to inward rectifier current heterogeneity. J Physiol (Lond.) 544: 337-49 [PMID:12381809]
  256. Schreibmayer W, Dessauer CW, Vorobiov D, Gilman AG, Lester HA, Davidson N and Dascal N. (1996) Inhibition of an inwardly rectifying K+ channel by G-protein alpha-subunits. Nature 380: 624-7 [PMID:8602262]
  257. Sergouniotis PI, Davidson AE, Mackay DS, Li Z, Yang X, Plagnol V, Moore AT and Webster AR. (2011) Recessive mutations in KCNJ13, encoding an inwardly rectifying potassium channel subunit, cause leber congenital amaurosis. Am J Hum Genet 89: 183-90 [PMID:21763485]
  258. Shimura M, Yuan Y, Chang JT, Zhang S, Campochiaro PA, Zack DJ and Hughes BA. (2001) Expression and permeation properties of the K(+) channel Kir7.1 in the retinal pigment epithelium. J Physiol (Lond.) 531: 329-46 [PMID:11230507]
  259. Shuck ME, Bock JH, Benjamin CW, Tsai TD, Lee KS, Slightom JL and Bienkowski MJ. (1994) Cloning and characterization of multiple forms of the human kidney ROM-K potassium channel. J Biol Chem 269: 24261-70 [PMID:7929082]
  260. Shuck ME, Piser TM, Bock JH, Slightom JL, Lee KS and Bienkowski MJ. (1997) Cloning and characterization of two K+ inward rectifier (Kir) 1.1 potassium channel homologs from human kidney (Kir1.2 and Kir1.3). J Biol Chem 272: 586-93 [PMID:8995301]
  261. Shumilina E, Klöcker N, Korniychuk G, Rapedius M, Lang F and Baukrowitz T. (2006) Cytoplasmic accumulation of long-chain coenzyme A esters activates KATP and inhibits Kir2.1 channels. J Physiol (Lond.) 575: 433-42 [PMID:16777940]
  262. Shyng S and Nichols CG. (1997) Octameric stoichiometry of the KATP channel complex. J Gen Physiol 110: 655-64 [PMID:9382894]
  263. Shyng SL and Nichols CG. (1998) Membrane phospholipid control of nucleotide sensitivity of KATP channels. Science 282: 1138-41 [PMID:9804554]
  264. Sicca F, Imbrici P, D'Adamo MC, Moro F, Bonatti F, Brovedani P, Grottesi A, Guerrini R, Masi G and Santorelli FM et al.. (2011) Autism with seizures and intellectual disability: possible causative role of gain-of-function of the inwardly-rectifying K+ channel Kir4.1. Neurobiol Dis 43: 239-47 [PMID:21458570]
  265. Signorini S, Liao YJ, Duncan SA, Jan LY and Stoffel M. (1997) Normal cerebellar development but susceptibility to seizures in mice lacking G protein-coupled, inwardly rectifying K+ channel GIRK2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 923-7 [PMID:9023358]
  266. Simon DB, Karet FE, Rodriguez-Soriano J, Hamdan JH, DiPietro A, Trachtman H, Sanjad SA and Lifton RP. (1996) Genetic heterogeneity of Bartter's syndrome revealed by mutations in the K+ channel, ROMK. Nat Genet 14: 152-6 [PMID:8841184]
  267. Sindic A, Huang C, Chen AP, Ding Y, Miller-Little WA, Che D, Romero MF and Miller RT. (2009) MUPP1 complexes renal K+ channels to alter cell surface expression and whole cell currents. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 297: F36-45 [PMID:19420109]
  268. Slesinger PA, Patil N, Liao YJ, Jan YN, Jan LY and Cox DR. (1996) Functional effects of the mouse weaver mutation on G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ channels. Neuron 16: 321-31 [PMID:8789947]
  269. Soom M, Schönherr R, Kubo Y, Kirsch C, Klinger R and Heinemann SH. (2001) Multiple PIP2 binding sites in Kir2.1 inwardly rectifying potassium channels. FEBS Lett 490: 49-53 [PMID:11172809]
  270. Spauschus A, Lentes KU, Wischmeyer E, Dissmann E, Karschin C and Karschin A. (1996) A G-protein-activated inwardly rectifying K+ channel (GIRK4) from human hippocampus associates with other GIRK channels. J Neurosci 16: 930-8 [PMID:8558261]
  271. Srivastava S, Li D, Edwards N, Hynes AM, Wood K, Al-Hamed M, Wroe AC, Reaich D, Moochhala SH and Welling PA et al.. (2013) Identification of compound heterozygous KCNJ1 mutations (encoding ROMK) in a kindred with Bartter's syndrome and a functional analysis of their pathogenicity. Physiol Rep 1: e00160 [PMID:24400161]
  272. Stoffel M, Tokuyama Y, Trabb JB, German MS, Tsaar ML, Jan LY, Polonsky KS and Bell GI. (1995) Cloning of rat KATP-2 channel and decreased expression in pancreatic islets of male Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 212: 894-9 [PMID:7626127]
  273. Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, Derge JG, Klausner RD, Collins FS, Wagner L, Shenmen CM, Schuler GD and Altschul SF et al.. (2002) Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 16899-903 [PMID:12477932]
  274. Su S, Ohno Y, Lossin C, Hibino H, Inanobe A and Kurachi Y. (2007) Inhibition of astroglial inwardly rectifying Kir4.1 channels by a tricyclic antidepressant, nortriptyline. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 320: 573-80 [PMID:17071817]
  275. Suda S, Nibuya M, Suda H, Takamatsu K, Miyazaki T, Nomura S and Kawai N. (2002) Potassium channel mRNAs with AU-rich elements and brain-specific expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 291: 1265-71 [PMID:11883954]
  276. Sui JL, Chan KW and Logothetis DE. (1996) Na+ activation of the muscarinic K+ channel by a G-protein-independent mechanism. J Gen Physiol 108: 381-91 [PMID:8923264]
  277. Suzuki M, Sasaki N, Miki T, Sakamoto N, Ohmoto-Sekine Y, Tamagawa M, Seino S, Marbán E and Nakaya H. (2002) Role of sarcolemmal K(ATP) channels in cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. J Clin Invest 109: 509-16 [PMID:11854323]
  278. Suzuki Y, Yasuoka Y, Shimohama T, Nishikitani M, Nakamura N, Hirose S and Kawahara K. (2003) Expression of the K+ channel Kir7.1 in the developing rat kidney: role in K+ excretion. Kidney Int 63: 969-75 [PMID:12631077]
  279. Takahashi N, Morishige K, Jahangir A, Yamada M, Findlay I, Koyama H and Kurachi Y. (1994) Molecular cloning and functional expression of cDNA encoding a second class of inward rectifier potassium channels in the mouse brain. J Biol Chem 269: 23274-9 [PMID:8083233]
  280. Takumi T, Ishii T, Horio Y, Morishige K, Takahashi N, Yamada M, Yamashita T, Kiyama H, Sohmiya K and Nakanishi S et al.. (1995) A novel ATP-dependent inward rectifier potassium channel expressed predominantly in glial cells. J Biol Chem 270: 16339-46 [PMID:7608203]
  281. Takumi T, Tsuji L, Kondo C, Takahashi N, Morishige K, Copeland NG, Gilbert DJ, Jenkins NA and Kurachi Y. (1996) Assignment of the murine inward rectifier potassium channel Irk2 (Kir2.2) gene to the central region of mouse chromosome 11. Genomics 37: 270-2 [PMID:8921409]
  282. Tanemoto M, Fujita A, Higashi K and Kurachi Y. (2002) PSD-95 mediates formation of a functional homomeric Kir5.1 channel in the brain. Neuron 34: 387-97 [PMID:11988170]
  283. Tanemoto M, Kittaka N, Inanobe A and Kurachi Y. (2000) In vivo formation of a proton-sensitive K+ channel by heteromeric subunit assembly of Kir5.1 with Kir4.1. J Physiol (Lond.) 525 Pt 3: 587-92 [PMID:10856114]
  284. Tanemoto M, Vanoye CG, Dong K, Welch R, Abe T, Hebert SC and Xu JZ. (2000) Rat homolog of sulfonylurea receptor 2B determines glibenclamide sensitivity of ROMK2 in Xenopus laevis oocyte. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 278: F659-66 [PMID:10751228]
  285. Tang H, Zhu Y, Teumelsan N, Walsh SP, Shahripour A, Priest BT, Swensen AM, Felix JP, Brochu RM and Bailey T et al.. (2016) Discovery of MK-7145, an Oral Small Molecule ROMK Inhibitor for the Treatment of Hypertension and Heart Failure. ACS Med Chem Lett 7: 697-701 [PMID:27437080]
  286. Tang W and Yang XC. (1994) Cloning a novel human brain inward rectifier potassium channel and its functional expression in Xenopus oocytes. FEBS Lett 348: 239-43 [PMID:8034048]
  287. Tao X, Avalos JL, Chen J and MacKinnon R. (2009) Crystal structure of the eukaryotic strong inward-rectifier K+ channel Kir2.2 at 3.1 A resolution. Science 326: 1668-74 [PMID:20019282]
  288. Tennant BP, Cui Y, Tinker A and Clapp LH. (2006) Functional expression of inward rectifier potassium channels in cultured human pulmonary smooth muscle cells: evidence for a major role of Kir2.4 subunits. J Membr Biol 213: 19-29 [PMID:17347781]
  289. Thiery E, Gosset P, Damotte D, Delezoide AL, de Saint-Sauveur N, Vayssettes C and Créau N. (2000) Developmentally regulated expression of the murine ortholog of the potassium channel KIR4.2 (KCNJ15). Mech Dev 95: 313-6 [PMID:10906485]
  290. Tong X, Ao Y, Faas GC, Nwaobi SE, Xu J, Haustein MD, Anderson MA, Mody I, Olsen ML and Sofroniew MV et al.. (2014) Astrocyte Kir4.1 ion channel deficits contribute to neuronal dysfunction in Huntington's disease model mice. Nat Neurosci 17: 694-703 [PMID:24686787]
  291. Torrecilla M, Marker CL, Cintora SC, Stoffel M, Williams JT and Wickman K. (2002) G-protein-gated potassium channels containing Kir3.2 and Kir3.3 subunits mediate the acute inhibitory effects of opioids on locus ceruleus neurons. J Neurosci 22: 4328-34 [PMID:12040038]
  292. Torrecilla M, Quillinan N, Williams JT and Wickman K. (2008) Pre- and postsynaptic regulation of locus coeruleus neurons after chronic morphine treatment: a study of GIRK-knockout mice. Eur J Neurosci 28: 618-24 [PMID:18702733]
  293. Trapp S, Tucker SJ and Gourine AV. (2011) Respiratory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia in mice with genetic ablation of Kir5.1 (Kcnj16). Exp Physiol 96: 451-9 [PMID:21239463]
  294. Tsai TD, Shuck ME, Thompson DP, Bienkowski MJ and Lee KS. (1995) Intracellular H+ inhibits a cloned rat kidney outer medulla K+ channel expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Am J Physiol 268: C1173-8 [PMID:7762610]
  295. Tucker SJ, Imbrici P, Salvatore L, D'Adamo MC and Pessia M. (2000) pH dependence of the inwardly rectifying potassium channel, Kir5.1, and localization in renal tubular epithelia. J Biol Chem 275: 16404-7 [PMID:10764726]
  296. Töpert C, Döring F, Derst C, Daut J, Grzeschik KH and Karschin A. (2000) Cloning, structure and assignment to chromosome 19q13 of the human Kir2.4 inwardly rectifying potassium channel gene (KCNJ14). Mamm Genome 11: 247-9 [PMID:10723734]
  297. Töpert C, Döring F, Wischmeyer E, Karschin C, Brockhaus J, Ballanyi K, Derst C and Karschin A. (1998) Kir2.4: a novel K+ inward rectifier channel associated with motoneurons of cranial nerve nuclei. J Neurosci 18: 4096-105 [PMID:9592090]
  298. Vaughn J, Wolford JK, Prochazka M and Permana PA. (2000) Genomic structure and expression of human KCNJ9 (Kir3.3/GIRK3). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 274: 302-9 [PMID:10913335]
  299. Villareal DT, Koster JC, Robertson H, Akrouh A, Miyake K, Bell GI, Patterson BW, Nichols CG and Polonsky KS. (2009) Kir6.2 variant E23K increases ATP-sensitive K+ channel activity and is associated with impaired insulin release and enhanced insulin sensitivity in adults with normal glucose tolerance. Diabetes 58: 1869-78 [PMID:19491206]
  300. Wade JB, Fang L, Coleman RA, Liu J, Grimm PR, Wang T and Welling PA. (2011) Differential regulation of ROMK (Kir1.1) in distal nephron segments by dietary potassium. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 300: F1385-93 [PMID:21454252]
  301. Wangemann P, Itza EM, Albrecht B, Wu T, Jabba SV, Maganti RJ, Lee JH, Everett LA, Wall SM and Royaux IE et al.. (2004) Loss of KCNJ10 protein expression abolishes endocochlear potential and causes deafness in Pendred syndrome mouse model. BMC Med 2: 30 [PMID:15320950]
  302. Wei J, Hodes ME, Piva R, Feng Y, Wang Y, Ghetti B and Dlouhy SR. (1998) Characterization of murine Girk2 transcript isoforms: structure and differential expression. Genomics 51: 379-90 [PMID:9721208]
  303. Weigl LG and Schreibmayer W. (2001) G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channels are targets for volatile anesthetics. Mol Pharmacol 60: 282-9 [PMID:11455015]
  304. Whorton MR and MacKinnon R. (2013) X-ray structure of the mammalian GIRK2-βγ G-protein complex. Nature 498: 190-7 [PMID:23739333]
  305. Whorton MR and MacKinnon R. (2011) Crystal structure of the mammalian GIRK2 K+ channel and gating regulation by G proteins, PIP2, and sodium. Cell 147: 199-208 [PMID:21962516]
  306. Wible BA, De Biasi M, Majumder K, Taglialatela M and Brown AM. (1995) Cloning and functional expression of an inwardly rectifying K+ channel from human atrium. Circ Res 76: 343-50 [PMID:7859381]
  307. Wickman K, Karschin C, Karschin A, Picciotto MR and Clapham DE. (2000) Brain localization and behavioral impact of the G-protein-gated K+ channel subunit GIRK4. J Neurosci 20: 5608-15 [PMID:10908597]
  308. Wickman K, Nemec J, Gendler SJ and Clapham DE. (1998) Abnormal heart rate regulation in GIRK4 knockout mice. Neuron 20: 103-14 [PMID:9459446]
  309. Wickman K, Pu WT and Clapham DE. (2002) Structural characterization of the mouse Girk genes. Gene 284: 241-50 [PMID:11891065]
  310. Wickman KD, Iñiguez-Lluhl JA, Davenport PA, Taussig R, Krapivinsky GB, Linder ME, Gilman AG and Clapham DE. (1994) Recombinant G-protein beta gamma-subunits activate the muscarinic-gated atrial potassium channel. Nature 368: 255-7 [PMID:8145826]
  311. Wieting JM, Vadukoot AK, Sharma S, Abney KK, Bridges TM, Daniels JS, Morrison RD, Wickman K, Weaver CD and Hopkins CR. (2017) Discovery and Characterization of 1H-Pyrazol-5-yl-2-phenylacetamides as Novel, Non-Urea-Containing GIRK1/2 Potassium Channel Activators. ACS Chem Neurosci 8: 1873-1879 [PMID:28697302]
  312. Wischmeyer E, Döring F and Karschin A. (1998) Acute suppression of inwardly rectifying Kir2.1 channels by direct tyrosine kinase phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 273: 34063-8 [PMID:9852063]
  313. Wischmeyer E and Karschin A. (1996) Receptor stimulation causes slow inhibition of IRK1 inwardly rectifying K+ channels by direct protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 5819-23 [PMID:8650176]
  314. Wischmeyer E, Lentes KU and Karschin A. (1995) Physiological and molecular characterization of an IRK-type inward rectifier K+ channel in a tumour mast cell line. Pflugers Arch 429: 809-19 [PMID:7603835]
  315. Wu J, Xu H, Shen W and Jiang C. (2004) Expression and coexpression of CO2-sensitive Kir channels in brainstem neurons of rats. J Membr Biol 197: 179-91 [PMID:15042349]
  316. Wu JV, Krouse ME, Rustagi A, Joo NS and Wine JJ. (2004) An inwardly rectifying potassium channel in apical membrane of Calu-3 cells. J Biol Chem 279: 46558-65 [PMID:15328350]
  317. Xu JZ, Hall AE, Peterson LN, Bienkowski MJ, Eessalu TE and Hebert SC. (1997) Localization of the ROMK protein on apical membranes of rat kidney nephron segments. Am J Physiol 273: F739-48 [PMID:9374837]
  318. Yamada K, Ji JJ, Yuan H, Miki T, Sato S, Horimoto N, Shimizu T, Seino S and Inagaki N. (2001) Protective role of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in hypoxia-induced generalized seizure. Science 292: 1543-6 [PMID:11375491]
  319. Yamada M, Isomoto S, Matsumoto S, Kondo C, Shindo T, Horio Y and Kurachi Y. (1997) Sulphonylurea receptor 2B and Kir6.1 form a sulphonylurea-sensitive but ATP-insensitive K+ channel. J Physiol (Lond.) 499 ( Pt 3): 715-20 [PMID:9130167]
  320. Yamakura T, Lewohl JM and Harris RA. (2001) Differential effects of general anesthetics on G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying and other potassium channels. Anesthesiology 95: 144-53 [PMID:11465552]
  321. Yamamoto Y, Ishikawa R, Omoe K and Taniguchi K. (2008) Expression of inwardly rectifying K+ channels in the carotid body of rat. Histol Histopathol 23: 799-806 [PMID:18437678]
  322. Yamashita T, Horio Y, Yamada M, Takahashi N, Kondo C and Kurachi Y. (1996) Competition between Mg2+ and spermine for a cloned IRK2 channel expressed in a human cell line. J Physiol (Lond.) 493 ( Pt 1): 143-56 [PMID:8735700]
  323. Yang D, Zhang X and Hughes BA. (2008) Expression of inwardly rectifying potassium channel subunits in native human retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res 87: 176-83 [PMID:18653180]
  324. Yang J, Jan YN and Jan LY. (1995) Control of rectification and permeation by residues in two distinct domains in an inward rectifier K+ channel. Neuron 14: 1047-54 [PMID:7748552]
  325. Yang L, Frindt G and Palmer LG. (2010) Magnesium modulates ROMK channel-mediated potassium secretion. J Am Soc Nephrol 21: 2109-16 [PMID:21030597]
  326. Yang T, Gurrola 2nd JG, Wu H, Chiu SM, Wangemann P, Snyder PM and Smith RJ. (2009) Mutations of KCNJ10 together with mutations of SLC26A4 cause digenic nonsyndromic hearing loss associated with enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 84: 651-7 [PMID:19426954]
  327. Yasuda K, Shimura M, Nakazawa T, Sato H, Tomita H, Sugano E and Tamai M. (2003) Expression and functional properties of unique inward rectifier K+ channel Kir7.1 in the porcine iris and retinal pigment epithelium. Curr Eye Res 27: 279-87 [PMID:14562164]
  328. Yoo D, Flagg TP, Olsen O, Raghuram V, Foskett JK and Welling PA. (2004) Assembly and trafficking of a multiprotein ROMK (Kir 1.1) channel complex by PDZ interactions. J Biol Chem 279: 6863-73 [PMID:14604981]
  329. Yoshimoto Y, Fukuyama Y, Horio Y, Inanobe A, Gotoh M and Kurachi Y. (1999) Somatostatin induces hyperpolarization in pancreatic islet alpha cells by activating a G protein-gated K+ channel. FEBS Lett 444: 265-9 [PMID:10050772]
  330. Zaritsky JJ, Redell JB, Tempel BL and Schwarz TL. (2001) The consequences of disrupting cardiac inwardly rectifying K(+) current (I(K1)) as revealed by the targeted deletion of the murine Kir2.1 and Kir2.2 genes. J Physiol (Lond.) 533: 697-710 [PMID:11410627]
  331. Zerangue N, Schwappach B, Jan YN and Jan LY. (1999) A new ER trafficking signal regulates the subunit stoichiometry of plasma membrane K(ATP) channels. Neuron 22: 537-48 [PMID:10197533]
  332. Zhang W, Zhang X, Wang H, Sharma AK, Edwards AO and Hughes BA. (2013) Characterization of the R162W Kir7.1 mutation associated with snowflake vitreoretinopathy. Am J Physiol, Cell Physiol 304: C440-9 [PMID:23255580]
  333. Zhou H, Chepilko S, Schütt W, Choe H, Palmer LG and Sackin H. (1996) Mutations in the pore region of ROMK enhance Ba2+ block. Am J Physiol 271: C1949-56 [PMID:8997197]
  334. Zhou H, Tate SS and Palmer LG. (1994) Primary structure and functional properties of an epithelial K channel. Am J Physiol 266: C809-24 [PMID:8166245]
  335. Zhou W, Arrabit C, Choe S and Slesinger PA. (2001) Mechanism underlying bupivacaine inhibition of G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 6482-7 [PMID:11353868]
  336. Zhu G, Chanchevalap S, Cui N and Jiang C. (1999) Effects of intra- and extracellular acidifications on single channel Kir2.3 currents. J Physiol (Lond.) 516 ( Pt 3): 699-710 [PMID:10200419]
  337. Zingman LV, Hodgson DM, Bast PH, Kane GC, Perez-Terzic C, Gumina RJ, Pucar D, Bienengraeber M, Dzeja PP and Miki T et al.. (2002) Kir6.2 is required for adaptation to stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 13278-83 [PMID:12271142]