Behind the Veil: Gender and Apocalypse in George Eliot’s The Lifted Veil (1859) and Wilkie Collins’s The Two Destinies (1876)1

Although the term 'apocalypse' is often used to refer to a catastrophic event it literally means 'to unveil' and, pre-biblically, signified the unveiling of a virgin bride. It is in the sense of the apocalypse as an 'unveiling' that, in a discussion of George Eliot's 1859 novella The Lifted Veil and Wilkie Collins's 1876 novel The Two Destinies, I will explore the links between the notion of apocalypse and the 'secret' of female sexuality. In Eliot's and Collin's stories, I argue, female sexuality is portrayed as an apocalyptic secret that exists above and beyond the play of veiling and unveiling. Indeed, when the veil concealing this apocalyptic secret is lifted, in Eliot's and Collins's text, the revelation reveals only a blank, an absence. In this sense, I claim, The Lifted Veil and The Two Destinies can be said to anticipate Jacques Derrida's assertion, in his essay "Of an Apocalyptic Tone Recently Adopted in Philosophy," that the final veil of the apocalypse cannot be lifted, that it remains always 'to come.' The apocalyptic secret of female sexuality, which lies behind the veil in Eliot's and Collins's texts, I conclude, mirrors the secret that literature itself represents: a secret that, like the apocalypse and female sexuality, is radically unknowable. For both Eliot and Collins, it seems, the apocalypse is never 'now,' but only ever the constantly deferred promise of an unveiling 'to come.'


Behind the Veil: Gender and Apocalypse in George Eliot's
The Lifted Veil (1859) and Wilkie Collins's The Two Destinies (1876) 1   Ryan Barnett, University of Central England

Behind the Veil
"What is this, behind this veil," the narrator of Sylvia Plath's poem "A Birthday Present" asks: "is it ugly, is it beautiful?"(48) Throughout the poem the birthday present which may be ugly or beautiful, ugly and beautiful, is never revealed: it remains a secret; only ever a deferred promise of an unveiling 'to come.'In this sense, Plath's poem can be said to be 'apocalyptic.'Etymologically, the word 'apocalypse' signifies an 'unveiling' or 'disclosure' and is synonymic with the term 'revelation.'And, as Jacques Derrida has pointed out, in "Of an Apocalyptic Tone Recently Adopted in Philosophy," the apocalypse is always 'to come.'The opening question of Plath's "A Birthday Present" can be seen as an epigraph to this essay in which I will examine George Eliot's 1859 short story The Lifted Veil alongside Wilkie Collins's 1876 novel The Two Destinies.The structure of veiling and unveiling in these two texts at once hides and reveals something which may be beautiful and/or ugly; but, like Plath's poem, the 'final' revelation reveals nothing.I will be exploring the topical figure of the veil in terms of its relationship to female sexuality and the apocalypse; focusing specifically on modes of revelation and non-revelation.
Like the birthday present in Plath's poem which is never unveiled and, therefore, absent from the text, we are always left waiting to be an eyewitness to the apocalypse."The end approaches," Derrida notes, "but the apocalypse is long-lived" (29).Furthermore, even if the impossible happened, and the apocalypse was finally unveiled it would only reveal itself: "[I]f the apocalypse reveals," claims Derrida, "it is first of all the revelation of the apocalypse" (28).Derrida adds: "Here the catastrophe would perhaps be of the apocalypse itself [. ..] a closure without end, an end without end" (35, original emphasis).For Derrida, then, the revelatory apocalypse, signifies a non-revelation; an endless unveiling.But, as Derrida points out, the very failure to lift the last apocalyptic veil, to reach a final revelation, is what makes the apocalypse apocalyptic.
In his work, Derrida distinguishes between "the future" [l'avenir] and "the 'to come'" [l'à venir] (Attridge 381).Derrida argues that, whereas the former is programmed and predictable, the latter is as wholly unpredictable and as radically unknowable as the coming of the apocalypse.Indeed, as "the 'to come'" cannot, by any means, be unveiled it is apocalyptic itself.As Derrida puts it: "the coming [of the apocalypse] is always to come" (25).Inextricably linked to Derrida's apocalyptic notion of "the 'to come'" is the repetition of the word 'Come' in the Book of Revelation."Come," Derrida explains, "is a call anterior to any other discourse and any other event, to any order, and any desire, an apocalypse that ends and unveils nothing" (131).Moreover, Derrida adds, "Come is apocalyptic" whilst being "in itself the apocalypse of apocalypse" (35, original emphasis).
Although the word 'Come' is notable by its absence in The Lifted Veil, it is present in Eliot's 1860 novel The Mill on the Floss; a novel which she interrupted to write The Lifted Veil.The climatic flood in the penultimate chapter of The Mill on the Floss, entitled "The Last Conflict," along with the repetition of the word "Come" in that chapter, provides an apocalyptic veil which enfolds The Lifted Veil (534-37).In this sense, "The Mill on the Floss and The Lifted Veil," writes Nicholas Royle, "might seem, from before the beginning, to say 'come!' to one another" (193).The word "Come" also resounds throughout the penultimate chapter of The Two Destinies, itself entitled "The Two Destinies" (178-80).Echoing the repetition of the word 'Come,' "an apocalypse that ends and unveils nothing," what is 'revealed' to George Germaine in this chapter is the rather open secret, (at least to the novel's readers), that Mary Dermody is his long-lost childhood sweetheart.Significantly, within a year after writing The Two Destinies, Collins published two short stories, "Percy and the Prophet" and "The Captain's Last Love," that both end apocalyptically: the former in a Revolution, the latter with a volcanic earthquake. 2 Yet again, each apocalypse enfolds the other, calls the other to 'come,' without end.

Gender and Apocalypse
Despite their seeming disparity, the gendered and apocalyptic connotations of the figure of the veil have been woven into its fabric from the start.For example, in Apocalypse Now and Then Catherine Keller explains that "[p]rebiblically the term [apocalypse] connotes the marital stripping of the veiled virgin" (1).Here we find the veil the subject of male penetration; as a figure for the ruptured, virginal hymen which, as Derrida informs us in "The Double Session," is itself "a sort of textile" -another veil (224). 3What Derrida calls "the fine invisible veil" of the hymen "stands between desire and fulfilment": "With all the undecidability of its meaning, the hymen only takes place when it doesn't take place, when nothing really happens [. ..] when the veil is, without being, torn for example" (223, original emphasis).The tearing of the hymeneal veil, like the lifting of the apocalyptic one, takes place because it does not take place.Like an apocalypse that only reveals itself, the hymen exceeds the play of veiling and unveiling.
The Book of Revelation, as revealed to St. John of Patmos, also links female sexuality to the apocalypse.Crucially, for this essay, "[i]n the biblical text of John's Apocalypse," as Keller points out, "[t]he revealing gaze is male" (1, 25).The apocalypse, then, is again linked to male penetrative power, as St. John's revelatory visions pierce the apocalyptic veils.But "John's Apocalypse" is forever in the process of 'coming' without ever arriving, without ever reaching fulfilment.As mentioned above, for Derrida, "the coming [of the Apocalypse] is always to come" (25).In this sense, the Book of Revelation itself takes on the undecidability of the hymen.In other words, the veil concealing the apocalypse, which is to be eventually lifted, is itself hymeneal: it "stands between desire and fulfilment." In Apocalyptic Bodies, Tina Pippin observes that "[i]n the [Biblical] Apocalypse desire is linked with horror" (86).For Pippin, this simultaneous horror and fascination of the apocalypse is centred upon its representations of women."Women's bodies," Pippin claims, "are particularly abused in this text; [but] women's bodies are also desired" (119).As Pippin indicates, in the Book of Revelation's problematic depiction of female figures, such as the 'Whore of Babylon' and 'Jezebel,' the Biblical apocalypse depicts 'aberrant' female sexuality rather than the 'unveiling' of a virgin bride.Akin to a hymeneal veil itself, it seems that the term 'apocalypse' is situated in between the familiar 'virgin'/'whore' dichotomy; as well as being placed between fascination and repulsion and between desire and fulfilment.
Like Jacques Lacan's formulation of the "Law of the Phallus" which, as David Coad notes, "attributes absence and lack as the essential functions of the veil," the fear and desire which Pippin identifies in the Book of Revelation can be linked to male fear of castration (Coad 62).For example, Luce Irigaray writes that, for Freud and Lacan, a "[woman's] sexual organ represents the horror of nothing to see" (26, original emphasis).In other words, the fear manifest in the Book of Revelation may be based upon the fact that, even if the veil is lifted, nothing will be revealed other than the (male) seer's blindness.Behind the veil there may be something beautiful or there maybe something ugly, but it seems that in "John's Apocalypse" it is preferable to live in the uncertainty of a final unveiling 'to come' than to live in the certainty that, in place of the apocalypse, there will only be an abyss ).An "apocalypse without apocalypse," to use Derrida's phrase, is by far the most frightening of any apocalyptic vision (34, original emphasis).

Lifting the Veil
When Latimer, the narrator of Eliot's The Lifted Veil, is mysteriously endowed with the "gift" of foresight and the ability to read other characters' minds he finds nothing worth seeing (11).Instead of a beautiful revelation, a sublime unveiling of the other's soul, Latimer finds only a nullifying absence.Writing on what he calls his "abnormal power of penetration," Latimer tells us how, by no effort of his own will, "the vagrant, frivolous ideas and emotions of some uninteresting acquaintance [. ..] would force themselves on my consciousness, like an importunate, ill-played musical instrument" (33).For Latimer, it seems that possessing the capability of seeing and knowing everything means that, in effect, he sees and knows nothing.His penetrating vision is also a blinding one.
In The Lifted Veil the relationship between blindness and insight is juxtaposed with the ugly and the beautiful and the play of veiling and unveiling.For example, disgruntled with his overly scientific education Latimer states: "I was glad of the running water [. ..]I did not want to know why it ran; I had perfect confidence that there were good reasons for what was so very beautiful" (7, original emphasis).In Latimer's opinion, unveiling the mystery of nature robs the beautiful of beauty.It is small wonder, then, that he soon finds himself under the bewitching spell of Bertha Grant, the one person whose mind he cannot read, whose thoughts are a "closed secret" to him (15).Latimer's attraction to Bertha is founded on the very fact that he cannot penetrate the veil surrounding her thoughts.Describing the effect Bertha has on him, Latimer writes: "She was my oasis of mystery in the desert of knowledge [. ..] no matter how empty the adytum, so that the veil be thick enough" (18-29).Like his views on the beauty of nature, it is what Latimer describes as the "enigma" of Bertha that draws him to her (29).If the veil were lifted, Bertha could be 'lacking' like all of the others, but it is precisely the uncertainty regarding this fact that makes her desirable."The fluctuations of hope and fear," which Latimer says Bertha incites in him, stem from the fact that, like the apocalypse, her unveiling is still 'to come' (17).Latimer's "gift" of insight, though, is a poisoned one.Here, Eliot appears to be playing on the fact that in German the term 'Gift' signifies the noun 'poison.' 4 Indeed, before Bertha literally tries to poison Latimer near the end of the story she is described, on more than one occasion, as "intoxicating" (17).What is more, the German word 'Gift' is a neuter in German grammar making it neither a masculine nor a feminine noun.Latimer, then, who has "a sort of half-womanish, half-ghostly beauty," is also endowed with a castrating (poisonous) 'gift' ( 14).
Throughout The Lifted Veil Bertha is associated with all that is mysterious, aggressive, and potentin a word, castratingabout female sexuality.Her "cruel eyes" are reflected in "Giorgione's picture of the cruel-eyed woman, said to be a likeness of Lucrezia Borgia," that Latimer had been "looking at" on a visit to an art gallery in .Like Bertha, the painting of Borgia, who supposedly used mysterious and deadly poisons to devastating effect herself, appears to mesmerize and intoxicate him.Latimer states: "I had stood long alone before it [the picture] [. ..] till I felt a strange poisoned sensation, as if I had long been inhaling a fatal odour" ( 19).
The connection between Bertha and Lucrezia Borgia is made explicit a little later in the chapter when Latimer leaves the gallery after "refus[ing] to come within sight of another picture that day" (19).As he is walking, Latimer feels Bertha's "arm slipped within [his]" (19)."In the same instant," Latimer explains, "a strange intoxicating numbness passed over me, like the continuance or climax of the sensation I was still feeling from the gaze of Lucrezia Borgia" (19).The eroticism of this scene captured in the words "climax" and "sensation" is offset by the "cruel eyes" of Borgia's portrait which return Latimer's gaze with a castrating, Medusa-esque intensity.Indeed, the figure of Medusa is an apt one as the portrait painter's name, "G(i)org(i)on(e)," at once hides and reveals the name 'Gorgon': "When the veils are lifted," Elizabeth Grosz writes, "there is only the Medusawoman's castrated genitals, lacking, incomplete, horrifying (for men)" (121).It is at this juncture in the story that the veil surrounding Bertha is first lifted for Latimer.
When the veil is lifted from Bertha, in a prophetic vision, Latimer does not see the "beautiful sylph" that has enchanted him in the past (25-26).Instead, in the vision, Latimer sees a much older Bertha wearing "a studded serpent" brooch "with diamond eyes" (19).Noticing the "white marble medallion of the dying Cleopatra," as Bertha approaches him, Latimer telepathically reads Bertha's thoughts at the very moment she wonders, with more than a little disgust, why he has not killed himself before now (19).
After the veil is lifted from Bertha, Latimer sees nothingonly what he calls, with a "chill shudder of repulsion," "a blank prosaic wall" (32)."It was a moment of hell," he says, "I saw into her pitiless soulsaw its barren worldliness, its scorching hate" (19).Now Bertha is fully revealed to him, Latimer is left only with what he describes as "the horror of that certitude!"(21) In Eliot's story, the lifting of the veil shrouding Bertha from Latimer, with its poisonous, serpentine imagery, is directly linked to 'deadly' and 'transgressive' female sexuality: in all its 'horror' and 'ugliness.'

Veiled Secrets
Like The Lifted Veil, the narrative of Wilkie Collin's novel, The Two Destinies, is driven by a series of visionary, telepathic communications between its two central characters: the childhood sweethearts George Germaine and Mary Dermody. 5   Following George and Mary's enforced separation, instigated by George's domineering father, George visits the Shetland Isles.After a riding accident whilst pony-trekking in Shetland, George is taken to the house of Mr Dunross so that he can recover from his injuries.Along with Mr Dunross, the house is also inhabited by his daughter, who is known only as "Miss Dunross" throughout the text.According to Collins, the character of Miss Dunross was "modelled" on: an unhappy lady suffering from some disease of the blood which produced a terrible deformity in the face.She was invariably veiledand she uniformly refused to say why [. ..]The name of the disease, and the nature of the deformity, my informant refused to reveal (Baker and Clarke 555).
The non-revelation of the 'unhappy lady's' deformity is strangely echoed in The Two Destinies by the character of Miss Dunross, who also wears "a very large and thick veil on [her] head" (98).The "nature" of Miss Dunross's "deformity," like her Christian name, is a secret in-and-of the text which elides the possibility of a full disclosure.
Whilst in Shetland, George tries desperately to penetrate the secret behind Miss Dunross's veil, but it effectively blinds him in that he sees nothing.Akin to Latimer in The Lifted Veil, the very fact that George cannot see Miss Dunross makes her all the more fascinating to him."I own it.I feel deeply interested in her," George says at one point (132).
On one of the occasions that George attempts to see past Miss Dunross's veil, to penetrate its mystery, he is spotted by Miss Dunross's "quickness of perception" (99)."You have been trying to see me," Miss Dunross tells him, before adding: Don't associate any romantic ideas of invisible beauty with me [. ..]I had but one beauty to boast of before I fell ill -my complexion -and that has gone forever.There is nothing to see in me now, but the ruin of what was once a woman [. ..] the darkness [is] a perpetual obstacle, so far as your eyes are concerned, between you and me (99, original emphasis).
What is immediately striking about this passage is Miss Dunross's use of the adjective "invisible" in order to describe her 'lack' of beauty.It is possible that Collins uses the word "invisible" in the sense of something hidden from view, but this would not fully explain why Miss Dunross's veiled beauty or ugliness is frequently placed outside the realm of the 'normal' sense of visibility.For example, after her death the doctor says of George that, "[w]hen he thinks of her now, let him think of the beauty which no bodily affliction can profanethe beauty of the freed Spirit, eternally happy in its union with the angels of God" (150).
As it stands, Miss Dunross's phrase seems to posit a notion of beauty which exists in an apocalyptic, hymeneal space between and beyond 'ordinary' concepts of beauty and ugliness; visibility and invisibility; and presence and absence.It is an apocalyptic, hymeneal space because the revelation of her "invisible" beauty would reveal, in her own words, "nothing to see."In this respect, what lies behind Miss Dunross's veil resembles Derrida's formulation of 'the secret': "There is something secret.But it does not conceal itself.Heterogeneous to the hidden, to the obscure, to the nocturnal, to the invisible [. ..] it cannot be unveiled" (21, original emphasis).In essence, even if Miss Dunross's veil was torn it would reveal nothing; it would be as if it had never taken place.Like Plath's "The Birthday Present," the question as to whether Miss Dunross's veil is covering something ugly or something beautiful continually escapes the text.
The visible/invisible nature of Miss Dunross's beauty or ugliness is further emphasised when she is writing a letter for George, under his dictation, to his mother.
After George starts to dictate the letter he hears Miss Dunross "shudder": "Something has come between me and the letter I am writing for you," she tells George (112).The "something" which is between Miss Dunross and the letter, like a veil one could say, is the "ghostly Presence" of his childhood sweetheart, Mary Dermody; conveyed telepathically when she is dreaming (114).Although it is not presented in the text until later, it is during the telepathic vision of Mary that Miss Dunross's veil is first lifted.
When George visits Mary, on his return from Shetland, she tells him: